Foliicolous lichens are one of the most abundant epiphytes in tropical rainforests and one of the few groups of organisms that characterize these forests. Tropical rainforests are increasingly affected by anthropogenic disturbance resulting in forest destruction and degradation. However, not much is known on the effects of anthropogenic disturbance on the diversity of foliicolous lichens. Understanding such effects is crucial for the development of appropriate measures for the conservation of such organisms. In this study, foliicolous lichens diversity was investigated in three tropical rainforests in East Africa. Godere Forest in Southwest Ethiopia is a transitional rainforest with a mixture of Afromontane and Guineo-Congolian species. The forest is secondary and has been affected by shifting cultivation, semi-forest coffee management and commercial coffee plantation. Budongo Forest in West Uganda is a Guineo-Congolian rainforest consisting of primary and secondary forests. Kakamega Forest in western Kenya is a transitional rainforest with a mixture of Guineo-Congolian and Afromontane species. The forest is a mosaic of near-primary forest, secondary forests of different seral stages, grasslands, plantations, and natural glades.

This Special Issue presents the latest advances in agriculture, aquaculture, food technology and environmental protection and engineering, discussing, among others, the following issues: new technologies in water, stormwater and wastewater treatment; water saving, lake restoration; new sludge and waste management systems; biodiesel production from animal fat waste; the microbiological quality of compound fish feeds for aquaculture; the role of technological processes to improve food quality and safety; new trends in the analysis of food and food components including in vitro, in vivo, and in silico analyses; and functional and structural aspects of bioactivities of food molecules.

Foliicolous lichens are one of the most abundant epiphytes in tropical rainforests and one of the few groups of organisms that characterize these forests. Tropical rainforests are increasingly affected by anthropogenic disturbance resulting in forest destruction and degradation. However, not much is known on the effects of anthropogenic disturbance on the diversity of foliicolous lichens. Understanding such effects is crucial for the development of appropriate measures for the conservation of such organisms. In this study, foliicolous lichens diversity was investigated in three tropical rainforests in East Africa. Godere Forest in Southwest Ethiopia is a transitional rainforest with a mixture of Afromontane and Guineo-Congolian species. The forest is secondary and has been affected by shifting cultivation, semi-forest coffee management and commercial coffee plantation. Budongo Forest in West Uganda is a Guineo-Congolian rainforest consisting of primary and secondary forests. Kakamega Forest in western Kenya is a transitional rainforest with a mixture of Guineo-Congolian and Afromontane species. The forest is a mosaic of near-primary forest, secondary forests of different seral stages, grasslands, plantations, and natural glades. Leaves carrying foliicolous lichens were collected from the forest understorey in the shady understorey and light gap microsite regimes. Morphological and anatomical characters were used for the identification of foliicolous lichens. Different indices were used for the computation of α- and β-diversity. The biogeographical distribution patterns of the foliicolous lichens of the study area and the possible use of foliicolous lichens as indicator of forest disturbance were analysed. A total of 70 species of foliicolous lichens and lichenicolous fungi belonging to 27 genera and 15 families were recorded from Godere Forest. From Budongo Forest 125 species of foliicolous lichens & lichenicolous lichens belonging to 32 genera and 16 families were recorded. From Kakamega Forest 137 species belonging to 41 genera and 17 families were recorded. In addition, 7 foliicolous lichens new to science have been recorded in this study. The most species-rich families in both forests were Pilocarpaceae, Porinaceae, Gomphillaceae, and Strigulaceae. In Godere higher foliicolous lichen diversity was recorded in Dushi than in Bishan Waka forest site. In Budongo high foliicolous lichen diversity was recorded in the young secondary and the primary swamp forests. In Kakamega Forest high foliicolous lichen diversity was recorded in the sites of Yala, Buyangu, Isiukhu, and Kisere. Low diversity was recorded in Malava, Kaimosi and Camp site. Among the 3 forests investigated, α- diversity was significantly higher in Kakamega and Budongo than in Godere forest. β- diversity was high in Kakamega and Budongo and low in Godere. Several studies have shown higher foliicolous lichen diversity in undisturbed primary forests than in disturbed secondary forests. Our study showed high foliicolous lichen diversity in both primary.

A comprehensive, up-to-date review of lichens as biomonitors of air pollution (bioindication, metal and radionuclide accumulation, biomarkers), and as monitors of environmental change (including global climate change and biodiversity loss) in a wide array of terrestrial habitats. Several methods for using lichens as biomonitors are described in a special section of the book.

Not only an invaluable reference to what is known about lichen bionts and their interactions but also a guide to future studies. Compares various aspects of lichen-forming bionts with those of other fungi, algae and cyanobacteria. Features in-depth descriptions of culture methods. Includes over 1000 references representing a selective sampling in such subjects as air pollution, photosynthesis and respiration.