This handbook provides essential information on toxicology, risk assessment, analysis, monitoring, human and ecological effects, treatment alternatives, ecosystem health, compliance, and much more.

In its broadest sense, and according to the traditional conception, wood chemistry is a comprehensive discipline, ranging from fundamental studies to practical applications. The manifold constituents, located in different morphological regions in the wood, results in an extreme complexity of wood chemistry. Ever more sophisticated endeavors needing fundamental studies and advanced analytical methods are necessary in order to delve deeper into various problems in pulping and papermaking. Gradually, new, improved ana lytical methods, originally developed for research purposes, are currently replacing many of the old "routine" methods in practical applications. Because of the expanse of the subject, an attempt to write a book of this size about analytical methods seems, perhaps, too ambitious. Of course, a whole book series of several volumes would be necessary to cover this topic completely. However, there is undoubtedly a need for a more condensed presentation which does not go into experimental details, but is limited to the basic principles of the analytical methods and illustrates their applica tions. The emphasis is on more advanced and potential methods, and partic ularly on those based on different types of spectroscopy and chromatography.

Six filtrate samples (liquid state) were obtained from selected stages in a totally-chlorine- free (TCF) bleach pulp mill. The solids were recovered by evaporation on rotary evaporators and by lyophilization with a freeze drier. Chemical contents (inorganic and organic chemicals) of the six filtrates were analyzed quantitatively according to TAPPI Test Methods, 1988. Results showed that the #1BS filtrate had the largest amount of inorganic and organic chemicals, which would influence the pulp mill systems the most. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was utilized to qualitatively analyze carbohydrates by using pre-coated cellulose plates. No free monosaccharides were detected in the six filtrates as received. The solids were then acid hydrolyzed and the monosaccharides, D-Glucose, D-Galactose, D-Mannose, D-Xylose, and L-Arabinose were detected in the hydrolyzates of the solids recovered from the filtrates of the early stages of bleaching. This showed that these samples contained both cellulose and hemicelluloses. Wood extractives were also qualitatively determined by TLC using pre-coated silica plates. The freeze-dried solids were extracted with methanol, with distilled water and with ethyl acetate. Results revealed that dihydroquercetin, quercetin and catechin existed in the filtrates from the early stages of bleaching. These catechol-type chemicals will influence the problem of metallic accumulation severely. The results of both carbohydrates and wood extractives were supported by Rf values, Rs (relative resolution) and Rx (relative retention). Pulsed Fourier Transform carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was applied to study the functional groups, particularly hydroxyl groups, of the filtrate lignin samples with a proton decoupling method. A commercial kraft softwood lignin, Aldrich lignin, was used as a reference for the TCF mill filtrate lignins. A newly emerged method of lignin acetylation with acetyl chloride enriched with carbon-13 as reagent was introduced The conventional method of using acetic anhydride to acetylate lignin was used as a reference method. NMR spectra showed that the conventional method gave more functional group information, but the method of acetyl chloride acetylation determined the hydroxyl groups with greater resolution and higher speed. The TCF filtrate lignins were different from the commercial Aldrich lignin. Some differences were also found among the TCF filtrate lignins. These may be important for the future research of lignin modeling with metal complexity.