Security breach notification laws have been enacted in most U.S. states since 2002. These laws were enacted in response to an escalating number of breaches of consumer databases containing personally identifiable information. The first such law, the California data security breach notification law, Cal. Civ. Code 1798.82 and 1798.29, was enacted in 2002 and became effective on July 1, 2003. As related in the bill statement, law requires ""a state agency, or a person or business that conducts business in California, that owns or licenses computerized data that includes personal information, as defined, to disclose in specified ways, any breach of the security of the data, as defined, to any resident of California whose unencrypted personal information was, or is reasonably believed to have been, acquired by an unauthorized person."" In addition the law permits delayed notification ""if a law enforcement agency determines that it would impede a criminal investigation."" The law also requires any entity that licenses such information to notify the owner or licensee of the information of any breach in the security of the data. In general, most state laws follow the basic tenets of California's original law: Companies must immediately disclose a data breach to customers, usually in writing. The European Union implemented a breach notification law in the Directive on Privacy and Electronic Communications (E-Privacy Directive) in 2009. This directive has to implemented by national law until 25 May 2011. This book is your ultimate resource for Data Breach Notification Laws. Here you will find the most up-to-date information, analysis, background and everything you need to know. In easy to read chapters, with extensive references and links to get you to know all there is to know about Data Breach Notification Laws right away, covering: Security breach notification laws, Directive on Privacy and Electronic Communications, Personally identifiable information, Computer security, Portal: Computer security, 2009 Sidekick data loss, AAFID, Absolute Manage, Accelops, Acceptable use policy, Access token, Advanced Persistent Threat, Air gap (networking), Ambient authority, Anomaly-based intrusion detection system, Application firewall, Application security, Asset (computer security), Attack (computer), AutoRun, Blacklist (computing), Blue Cube Security, BlueHat, Centurion guard, Client honeypot, Cloud computing security, Collaboration-oriented architecture, Committee on National Security Systems, Computer Law and Security Report, Computer security compromised by hardware failure, Computer security incident management, Computer security model, Computer surveillance, Confused deputy problem, Consensus audit guidelines, Countermeasure (computer), CPU modes, Cracking of wireless networks, Crackme, Cross-site printing, CryptoRights Foundation, CVSS, Control system security, Cyber security standards, Cyber spying, Cyber Storm Exercise, Cyber Storm II, Cyberconfidence, Cyberheist, Dancing pigs, Data breach, Data loss prevention software, Data validation, Digital self-defense, Dolev-Yao model, DREAD: Risk assessment model, Dynamic SSL, Economics of security, Enterprise information security architecture, Entrust, Evasion (network security), Event data, Event Management Processes, as defined by IT IL, Federal Desktop Core Configuration, Federal Information Security Management Act of 2002, Flaw hypothesis methodology, Footprinting, Forward anonymity, Four Horsemen of the Infocalypse, Fragmented distribution attack, Higgins project, High Assurance Guard, Host Based Security System, Host Proof Storage...and much more This book explains in-depth the real drivers and workings of Data Breach Notification Laws. It reduces the risk of your technology, time and resources investment decisions by enabling you to compare your understanding of Data Breach Notification Laws with the objectivity of experienced professionals.

When polluted air mixes with rain, snow, and fog, acid precipitation forms. This acidity has caused people to worry about the environment. Another concern is its effect on historic buildings and monuments. This booklet focuses on acid rain and its impact on our Nation¿s capital. In 1997, rain in Washington, D.C., had an average acidity of 4.2, about as acid as a carbonated drink and more than 10 times as acid as clean, unpolluted rain. This booklet defines acid rain, explains what effects it has on marble and limestone buildings, and shows, on a walking tour, some of the places in our Nation¿s capital where you can see the impact of acid precipitation. Includes a Glossary of Geologic and Architectural Terms and a map. Color photos.

In 2005, 20 different states and the City of New York followed California's lead and passed laws seeking to require entities collecting or storing personally identifiable information to notify the subjects of the information if that information allows unauthorized third parties access to that information. There are now 21 different state laws on the subject, many with very different requirements. Federal legislation is hoped for, but passage of broadly preemptive federal legislation is far from certain. This book provides comprehensive guidance to all 21 state (and one local) legislative efforts at breach notification statutes, categorizes the various aspects of such statutes and specifically describes how each different state deals with each aspect. It points out the similarities and differences of each state law. The approach is simply a detailed summary of each different legislative scheme.

The role of information in today's economy is essential as organizations that can effectively store and leverage information about their stakeholders can gain an advantage in their markets. The extensive digitization of business information can make organizations vulnerable to data breaches. A data breach is the unauthorized access to sensitive, protected, or confidential data resulting in the compromise of information security. Data breaches affect not only the breached organization but also various related stakeholders. After a data breach, stakeholders of the breached organizations show negative behaviors, which causes the breached organizations to face financial and non-financial costs. As such, the objective of this dissertation is to better understand the effect of data breaches on the stakeholders of the breached organization and the factors that can inhibit the negative behaviors. This dissertation uses a multi-method investigation to examine two external stakeholders, customers and shareholders, in a data breach aftermath. Essay 1 identifies data breach event and announcement characteristics and examines the impact of these characteristics on the customers' and shareholders' behaviors. Essay 2 investigates the effective strategy that the breached organizations can adopt after a data breach incident by examining the impact of various data breach response strategies. It also investigates the effect of response times with respect to data breach notification laws on the stakeholders. Each essay constitutes two studies with appropriate research methods for the two stakeholders under investigation. The dissertation is expected to provide several implications for research and practice.

United States privacy law embodies several different legal concepts. One is the invasion of privacy, a tort based in common law allowing an aggrieved party to bring a lawsuit against an individual who unlawfully intrudes into his or her private affairs, discloses his or her private information, publicizes him or her in a false light, or appropriates his or her name for personal gain. Public figures have less privacy, and this is an evolving area of law as it relates to the media. The essence of the law derives from a right to privacy, defined broadly as ""the right to be let alone."" It usually excludes personal matters or activities which may reasonably be of public interest, like those of celebrities or participants in newsworthy events. Invasion of the right to privacy can be the basis for a lawsuit for damages against the person or entity violating the right. These include the Fourth Amendment right to be free of unwarranted search or seizure, the First Amendment right to free assembly, and the Fourteenth Amendment due process right, recognized by the Supreme Court as protecting a general right to privacy within family, marriage, motherhood, procreation, and child rearing. This book is your ultimate resource for US Privacy Regulation. Here you will find the most up-to-date information, analysis, background and everything you need to know. In easy to read chapters, with extensive references and links to get you to know all there is to know about US Privacy Regulation right away, covering: Privacy laws of the United States, Privacy law, A v B plc, Anti-Obscenity Enforcement Act, BarWatch, Bellotti v. Baird (1976), Bellotti v. Baird (1979), Benjamin Franklin True Patriot Act, Berger v. New York, Bernstein of Leigh v Skyviews & General Ltd, Binding corporate rules, Breach of confidence in English law, Online Privacy Protection Act, California Proposition 11 (1972), California Shine the Light law, Child Online Protection Act, Children's Online Privacy Protection Act, Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act of 2005, Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act, Convention for the Protection of Individuals with regard to Automatic Processing of Personal Data, Data Protection Act 1998, Data Protection Directive, Directive on Privacy and Electronic Communications, Domestic Security Enhancement Act of 2003, Driver's Privacy Protection Act, Eisenstadt v. Baird, Electronic Communications Privacy Act, Expectation of privacy, False light, Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act, FCC v. AT&T Inc., Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act (Nova Scotia), Google Street View privacy concerns, Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, Griswold v. Connecticut, Habeas data, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, Health network surveillance, Hepting v. AT&T, Illinois Library Records Confidentiality Act, Information privacy law, Informational self-determination, Katz v. United States, Kyllo v. United States, Lane v. Facebook, Inc., Lawrence v. Texas, Legality of recording by civilians, List of litigation involving the Electronic Frontier Foundation, Mancusi v. DeForte, Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, Ontario v. Quon, PASS ID, Pemberton v. Tallahassee Memorial Regional Center, Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act, Photography and the law, Plon (Society) v. France, Privacy Act (Canada), Privacy Act 1988, Privacy Act of 1974, Privacy in English law, Record sealing, Robbins v. Lower Merion School District, Roe v. Wade, LeRoy Rooker, Satellite Broadcasting and Communications Association v. FCC, Section summary of the USA PATRIOT Act, Title II, Security and Freedom Ensured Act...and much more This book explains in-depth the real drivers and workings of US Privacy Regulation. It reduces the risk of your technology, time and resources investment decisions by enabling you to compare your understanding of US Privacy Regulation with the objectivity of experienced professionals.

Recent high profile data breaches as well as the headline grabbing Sony cyberattack from late 2014 are the latest examples that highlight the ongoing and serious cyber threats that face Americans and businesses. The purpose of this hearing is to examine the merits of the Federal data security standard and the need for preemptive and uniform Federal data breach notification. We all know we live in a digital world where consumers have embraced online products and services. Kansans, my folks at home, they know they can make purchases, determine their credit score, conduct banking and examine health care plans all from a mobile phone, computer, or a tablet. That is true of consumers across the country and increasingly around the globe. This digital economy creates new risks. As of 2015, the Privacy Rights Clearinghouse has estimated more than 4,400 breaches involving more than 932 million records that have been made public since 2005. In a world where one bad actor can battle against a team of highly trained experts, we face challenges to make certain that consumers are protected and that businesses have the tools and incentives to protect their customers from harm.

Data Loss Prevention (DLP) is a computer security term referring to systems that identify, monitor, and protect data in use (e.g. endpoint actions), data in motion (e.g. network actions), and data at rest (e.g. data storage) through deep content inspection, contextual security analysis of transaction (attributes of originator, data object, medium, timing, recipient/destination and so on) and with a centralized management framework. Systems are designed to detect and prevent unauthorized use and transmission of confidential information Vendors refer to the term as Data Leak Prevention, Information Leak Detection and Prevention (ILDP), Information Leak Prevention (ILP), Content Monitoring and Filtering (CMF), Information Protection and Control (IPC) or Extrusion Prevention System by analogy to Intrusion-prevention system. This book is your ultimate resource for Data Loss Prevention (DLP). Here you will find the most up-to-date information, analysis, background and everything you need to know. In easy to read chapters, with extensive references and links to get you to know all there is to know about Data Loss Prevention (DLP) right away, covering: Data loss prevention software, Computer security, Portal: Computer security, 2009 Sidekick data loss, AAFID, Absolute Manage, Accelops, Acceptable use policy, Access token, Advanced Persistent Threat, Air gap (networking), Ambient authority, Anomaly-based intrusion detection system, Application firewall, Application security, Asset (computer security), Attack (computer), AutoRun, Blacklist (computing), Blue Cube Security, BlueHat, Centurion guard, Client honeypot, Cloud computing security, Collaboration-oriented architecture, Committee on National Security Systems, Computer Law and Security Report, Computer security compromised by hardware failure, Computer security incident management, Computer security model, Computer surveillance, Confused deputy problem, Countermeasure (computer), CPU modes, Crackme, Cross-site printing, CryptoRights Foundation, CVSS, Control system security, Cyber security standards, Cyber spying, Cyber Storm Exercise, Cyber Storm II, Cyberheist, Dancing pigs, Data breach, Data validation, Digital self-defense, Dolev-Yao model, DREAD: Risk assessment model, Dynamic SSL, Economics of security, Enterprise information security architecture, Entrust, Evasion (network security), Event data, Federal Desktop Core Configuration, Federal Information Security Management Act of 2002, Flaw hypothesis methodology, Footprinting, Forward anonymity, Four Horsemen of the Infocalypse, Fragmented distribution attack, Higgins project, High Assurance Guard, Host Based Security System, Human-computer interaction (security), Inference attack, Information assurance, Information Assurance Vulnerability Alert, Information security, Information Security Automation Program, Information Security Forum, Information sensitivity, Inter-Control Center Communications Protocol, Inter-protocol communication, Inter-protocol exploitation, International Journal of Critical Computer-Based Systems, Internet leak, Internet Security Awareness Training, Intrusion detection system evasion techniques, Intrusion prevention system, Intrusion tolerance, IT baseline protection, IT Baseline Protection Catalogs, IT risk, IT risk management, ITHC, Joe-E, Kill Pill, LAIM Working Group, Layered security, Likejacking, Linked Timestamping, Lock-Keeper, MAGEN (security), Mandatory Integrity Control, Mayfield's Paradox, National Cyber Security Awareness Month, National Vulnerability Database, Neurosecurity, Nobody (username), Non-repudiation, Novell Cloud Security Service, One-time authorization code...and much more This book explains in-depth the real drivers and workings of Data Loss Prevention (DLP). It reduces the risk of your technology, time and resources investment decisions by enabling you to compare your understanding of Data Loss Prevention (DLP) with the objectivity of experienced professionals