Motivation for the Book This book seeks to establish the state of the art in the cyber situational awareness area and to set the course for future research. A multidisciplinary group of leading researchers from cyber security, cognitive science, and decision science areas elab orate on the fundamental challenges facing the research community and identify promising solution paths. Today, when a security incident occurs, the top three questions security admin istrators would ask are in essence: What has happened? Why did it happen? What should I do? Answers to the ?rst two questions form the core of Cyber Situational Awareness. Whether the last question can be satisfactorily answered is greatly de pendent upon the cyber situational awareness capability of an enterprise. A variety of computer and network security research topics (especially some sys tems security topics) belong to or touch the scope of Cyber Situational Awareness. However, the Cyber Situational Awareness capability of an enterprise is still very limited for several reasons: • Inaccurate and incomplete vulnerability analysis, intrusion detection, and foren sics. • Lack of capability to monitor certain microscopic system/attack behavior. • Limited capability to transform/fuse/distill information into cyber intelligence. • Limited capability to handle uncertainty. • Existing system designs are not very “friendly” to Cyber Situational Awareness.

This book is the first publication to give a comprehensive, structured treatment to the important topic of situational awareness in cyber defense. It presents the subject in a logical, consistent, continuous discourse, covering key topics such as formation of cyber situational awareness, visualization and human factors, automated learning and inference, use of ontologies and metrics, predicting and assessing impact of cyber attacks, and achieving resilience of cyber and physical mission. Chapters include case studies, recent research results and practical insights described specifically for this book. Situational awareness is exceptionally prominent in the field of cyber defense. It involves science, technology and practice of perception, comprehension and projection of events and entities in cyber space. Chapters discuss the difficulties of achieving cyber situational awareness – along with approaches to overcoming the difficulties - in the relatively young field of cyber defense where key phenomena are so unlike the more conventional physical world. Cyber Defense and Situational Awareness is designed as a reference for practitioners of cyber security and developers of technology solutions for cyber defenders. Advanced-level students and researchers focused on security of computer networks will also find this book a valuable resource.

This book reports on the latest research and developments in the field of cybersecurity, particularly focusing on personal security and new methods for reducing human error and increasing cyber awareness, as well as innovative solutions for increasing the security of advanced Information Technology (IT) infrastructures. It covers a broad range of topics, including methods for human training; novel cyber-physical and process-control systems; social, economic, and behavioral aspects of cyberspace; issues concerning the cybersecurity index; security metrics for enterprises; and risk evaluation. Based on the AHFE 2019 International Conference on Human Factors in Cybersecurity, held on July 24-28, 2019, in Washington D.C., USA, the book not only presents innovative cybersecurity technologies, but also discusses emerging threats, current gaps in the available systems, and future challenges that may be successfully overcome with the help of human factors research.

This book presents the implementation of novel concepts and solutions, which allows to enhance the cyber security of administrative and industrial systems and the resilience of economies and societies to cyber and hybrid threats. This goal can be achieved by rigorous information sharing, enhanced situational awareness, advanced protection of industrial processes and critical infrastructures, and proper account of the human factor, as well as by adequate methods and tools for analysis of big data, including data from social networks, to find best ways to counter hybrid influence. The implementation of these methods and tools is examined here as part of the process of digital transformation through incorporation of advanced information technologies, knowledge management, training and testing environments, and organizational networking. The book is of benefit to practitioners and researchers in the field of cyber security and protection against hybrid threats, as well as to policymakers and senior managers with responsibilities in information and knowledge management, security policies, and human resource management and training.

Enhancing Situation Awareness (SA) is a major design goal for projects in many fields, including aviation, ground transportation, air traffic control, nuclear power, and medicine, but little information exists in an integral format to support this goal. Designing for Situation Awareness helps designers understand how people acquire and interpret information in complex settings and recognize the factors that undermine this process. Designing to support operator SA reduces the incidence of human error, which has been found to occur largely due to failures in SA. Whereas many previous human factors efforts have focused on design at the perceptual and surface feature level, SA-oriented design focuses on the operator's information needs and cognitive processes as they juggle to integrate information from many sources and achieve multiple competing goals. Thus it addresses design from a system's perspective. By applying theoretical and empirical information on SA to the system design process, human factors practitioners can create designs to support SA across a wide variety of domains and design issues. This book serves as a helpful reference to that end.

This book offers a broad overview of the field of cognitive engineering and neuroergonomics, covering emerging practices and future trends toward the harmonious integration of human operators and computational systems. It gathers both theoretical and practice-oriented studies on mental workload and stress, activity theory, human reliability, error and risk. It covers applications in various field, and corresponding strategies to make assistive technologies more user-oriented. Further, the book describes key advances in our understanding of cognitive processes, including mechanisms of perception, memory, reasoning, and motor response, with a particular focus on their role in interactions between humans and other elements of computer-based systems. Gathering the proceedings of the AHFE 2021 Conferences on Neuroergonomics and Cognitive Engineering, Industrial Cognitive Ergonomics and Engineering Psychology, and Cognitive Computing and Internet of Things, held virtually on July 25-29, 2021, from USA, this book offers extensive information and a thought-provoking guide for researchers and practitioners in cognitive engineering, neuroergonomics and their applications.

This book presents the current trends, technologies, and challenges in Big Data in the diversified field of engineering and sciences. It covers the applications of Big Data ranging from conventional fields of mechanical engineering, civil engineering to electronics, electrical, and computer science to areas in pharmaceutical and biological sciences. This book consists of contributions from various authors from all sectors of academia and industries, demonstrating the imperative application of Big Data for the decision-making process in sectors where the volume, variety, and velocity of information keep increasing. The book is a useful reference for graduate students, researchers and scientists interested in exploring the potential of Big Data in the application of engineering areas.