"A comprehensively revised edition of Designing tasks for the communicative classroom"--Cover.

First Published in 1999. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

This volume of essays from leading British, North American and Australasian contributors looks at the issues of the convergence of distance and conventional education. The term 'convergence' refers to the breaking down of barriers between open and distance learning and conventional institutions, and the creation of more and more institutions working across a range of modes. Such convergence has been driven by a number of factors, including the new technologies for teaching and learning, the impact of lifelong learning policies, the entry of larger than ever numbers of adult part-time students into tertiary education, and the demands of both employers and individuals for professional and work-related education throughout their working lives. The fourteen chapters engage critically with a range of aspects of convergence, including: * how well is open and distance learning carried out by conventional institutions for which it may continue for a lengthy period to be seen as of secondary importance? * to what extent will open and distance learning be more effectively carried out by conventional institutions able to offer a variety of modes to a wide range of learners? * how well will the variety of learners be served by systems that are converging? * what are the managerial issues at institutional level where converging systems are being developed?

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Concept Mapping, CMC 2016, held in Tallinn, Estonia, in September 2016. The 25 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 135 submissions. The papers address issues such as facilitation of learning; eliciting, capturing, archiving, and using “expert” knowledge; planning instruction; assessment of “deep” understandings; research planning; collaborative knowledge modeling; creation of “knowledge portfolios”; curriculum design; eLearning, and administrative and strategic planning and monitoring.

This textbook is founded on the idea of learning as knowledge construction and the implications of this for the nature of knowledge and for the way it is acquired. The first section examines the nature of knowledge from several perspectives. The dominant theme is that views of learning closely relate to views of knowledge. The second section considers what it is to be knowledgeable. Expertise and types of knowledge are considered using examples from different phases of education and subject areas. The final part of the book focuses on learning within domains and what this means from different subject perspectives. Learning and Knowledge is a Course Reader for The Open University course E836 Learni