Traditional research methodologies in the human respiratory system have always been challenging due to their invasive nature. Recent advances in medical imaging and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) have accelerated this research. This book compiles and details recent advances in the modelling of the respiratory system for researchers, engineers, scientists, and health practitioners. It breaks down the complexities of this field and provides both students and scientists with an introduction and starting point to the physiology of the respiratory system, fluid dynamics and advanced CFD modeling tools. In addition to a brief introduction to the physics of the respiratory system and an overview of computational methods, the book contains best-practice guidelines for establishing high-quality computational models and simulations. Inspiration for new simulations can be gained through innovative case studies as well as hands-on practice using pre-made computational code. Last but not least, students and researchers are presented the latest biomedical research activities, and the computational visualizations will enhance their understanding of physiological functions of the respiratory system.

The awareness is growing of health hazards and pharmaceutical benefits of micro-/nano-aerosol particles which are mostly nonspherical and hygroscopic, and categorized as "unconventional" vs. solid spheres. Accurate and realistic numerical models will significantly contribute to answering public health questions. In this chapter, fundamentals and future trends of computational fluid-particle dynamics (CFPD) models for lung aerosol dynamics are discussed, emphasizing the underlying physics to simulate unconventional inhaled aerosols such as fibers, droplets, and vapors. Standard simulation procedures are presented, including reconstruction of the human respiratory system, CFPD model formulation, finite-volume mesh generation, et cetera Case studies for fiber and droplet transport and deposition in lung are also provided. Furthermore, challenges and future directions are discussed to develop next-generation models. The ultimate goal is to establish a roadmap to link different numerical models, and to build the framework of a new multiscale numerical model, which will extend exposure and lung deposition predictions to health endpoints, e.g., tissue and delivered doses, by calculating absorption and translocation into alveolar regions and systemic regions using discrete element method (DEM), lattice Boltzmann method (LBM), and/or physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models. It will enable simulations of extremely complex airflow-vapor-particle-structure dynamics in the entire human respiratory system at detailed levels.

Traditional research methodologies in the human respiratory system have always been challenging due to their invasive nature. Recent advances in medical imaging and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) have accelerated this research. This book compiles and details recent advances in the modelling of the respiratory system for researchers, engineers, scientists, and health practitioners. It breaks down the complexities of this field and provides both students and scientists with an introduction and starting point to the physiology of the respiratory system, fluid dynamics and advanced CFD modeling tools. In addition to a brief introduction to the physics of the respiratory system and an overview of computational methods, the book contains best-practice guidelines for establishing high-quality computational models and simulations. Inspiration for new simulations can be gained through innovative case studies as well as hands-on practice using pre-made computational code. Last but not least, students and researchers are presented the latest biomedical research activities, and the computational visualizations will enhance their understanding of physiological functions of the respiratory system.

Jet fuel with its performance enhancers is highly toxic and when inhaled may pose a significant health risk. Thus, for a scientific assessment of possible health effects from fuel exposure, it is crucial to know where and at what concentrations fuel aerosols and their vapors deposit in the human respiratory system in light of realistic inlet conditions. In contrast to human testing, and/or experimental deposition studies, computational fluid- particle dynamics (CFPD) simulations offer a non-invasive, less expensive, and effective means of obtaining fuel vapor and droplet transport and deposition data for representative airways. Focusing on JP-8 fuel deposition in a representative human upper airway model, experimentally validated CFPD results are provided for the airflow fields, JP-8 fuel droplets, and-JP-8 fuel vapor under realistic ambient conditions. The 3-year-project conclusions, documented in 14 journal articles and 10 conference papers, are divided into three sections, i.e., fundamentals/discoveries, JP-B fuel impact, and technology transfer.

Computational Fluid Dynamics: A Practical Approach, Fourth Edition is an introduction to computational fluid dynamics (CFD) fundamentals and commercial CFD software to solve engineering problems. The book is designed for a wide variety of engineering students new to CFD, but is also ideal for practicing engineers learning CFD for the first time. Combining an appropriate level of mathematical background, worked examples, computer screen shots, and step-by-step processes, this book walks the reader through modeling and computing, as well as interpreting CFD results. This new edition has been updated throughout, with new content and improved figures, examples and problems. Updated throughout, with new case studies, examples, references, and corrections according to readers’ and reviewers’ feedback Delivers the latest developments in CFD including the high-order and reduced-order modeling approach, machine learning–accelerated CFD, full coverage of high-speed fluid dynamics, and the meshless approaches to provide a broader overview of the application areas where CFD can be used Reorganized and rewritten to better meet the needs of CFD instructors and students Online resources include all lecturing and guest lecturing PPTs, computer lab practicing with step-by-step and screenshot guidelines, assignment and course project details, answers for review questions in each chapter, a new bonus chapter featuring detailed case studies, and result discussion

Inhalation aerosols continue to be the basis for successful lung therapy for several diseases, with therapeutic strategies and the range of technology significantly evolving in recent years. In response, this third edition takes a new approach to reflect the close integration of technology with its application. After briefly presenting the general considerations that apply to aerosol inhalation, the central section of the book uses the focus on disease and therapeutic agents to illustrate the application of specific technologies. The final integrated strategies section draws the major points from the applications for disease targets and drug products.