1.1 Overview of Lab-on-Chip Laboratory-on-Chip (LoC) is a multidisciplinary approach used for the miniaturization, integration and automation of biological assays or procedures in analytical chemistry [1–3]. Biology and chemistry are experimental sciences that are continuing to evolve and develop new protocols. Each protocol offers step-by-step laboratory instructions, lists of the necessary equipments and required biological and/or chemical substances [4–7]. A biological or chemical laboratory contains various pieces of equipment used for performing such protocols and, as shown in Fig. 1.1, the engineering aspect of LoC design is aiming to embed all these components in a single chip for single-purpose applications. 1.1.1 Main Objectives of LoC Systems Several clear advantages of this technology over conventional approaches, including portability, full automation, ease of operation, low sample consumption and fast assays time, make LoC suitable for many applications including. 1.1.1.1 Highly Throughput Screening To conduct an experiment, a researcher fills a well with the required biological or chemical analytes and keeps the sample in an incubator for some time to allowing the sample to react properly. Afterwards, any changes can be observed using a microscope. In order to quickly conduct millions of biochemical or pharmacolo- cal tests, the researchers will require an automated highly throughput screening (HTS) [8], comprised of a large array of wells, liquid handling devices (e.g., mic- channel, micropump and microvalves [9–11]), a fully controllable incubator and an integrated sensor array, along with the appropriate readout system.

The book will address the-state-of-the-art in integrated Bio-Microsystems that integrate microelectronics with fluidics, photonics, and mechanics. New exciting opportunities in emerging applications that will take system performance beyond offered by traditional CMOS based circuits are discussed in detail. The book is a must for anyone serious about microelectronics integration possibilities for future technologies. The book is written by top notch international experts in industry and academia. The intended audience is practicing engineers with electronics background that want to learn about integrated microsystems. The book will be also used as a recommended reading and supplementary material in graduate course curriculum.

This textbook demonstrates new paradigms for the interface between CMOS circuits and the biological world. A deep theoretical description of such an interface is defined and discussed, while various real applications are demonstrated by also discussing several analog CMOS circuits. Electrochemical techniques are proposed in detail to learn how to design integrated biosensors. Biological materials are described to provide devices selectivity. Nanoscale materials are discussed to provide device sensitivity. CMOS circuits are analyzed to provide real applications. Extensive examples with solutions are provided, as well as exercises at the end of each chapter. This book introduces students to the state-of-the-art in Bio/CMOS interfaces, describing leading-edge research in CMOS design and VLSI development for applications requiring intimate integration of biological molecules onto the chip. It provides multidisciplinary content ranging from biochemistry to CMOS design in order to address Bio/CMOS interface co-design in biosensing applications.

Medical Biosensors for Point of Care (POC) Applications discusses advances in this important and emerging field which has the potential to transform patient diagnosis and care. Part 1 covers the fundamentals of medical biosensors for point-of-care applications. Chapters in part 2 go on to look at materials and fabrication of medical biosensors while the next part looks at different technologies and operational techniques. The final set of chapters provide an overview of the current applications of this technology. Traditionally medical diagnostics have been dependent on sophisticated technologies which only trained professionals were able to operate. Recent research has focused on creating point-of-care diagnostic tools. These biosensors are miniaturised, portable, and are designed to be used at the point-of-care by untrained individuals, providing real-time and remote health monitoring. - Provides essential knowledge for designers and manufacturers of biosensors for point-of-care applications - Provides comprehensive coverage of the fundamentals, materials, technologies, and applications of medical biosensors for point-of-care applications - Includes contributions from leading international researchers with extensive experience in developing medical biosensors - Discusses advances in this important and emerging field which has the potential to transform patient diagnosis and care

Microfluidic Biosensors provides a comprehensive overview covering the most recent emerging technologies on the design, fabrication, and integration of microfluidics with transducers. These form various integrated microfluidic biosensors with device configurations ranging from 2D to 4D levels. Coverage also includes advanced printed microfluidic biosensors, flexible microfluidics for wearable biosensors, autonomous lab-on-a-chip biosensors, CMOS-base microanalysis systems, and microfluidic devices for mobile phone biosensing. The editors and contributors of this book represent both academia and industry, come from a varied range of backgrounds, and offer a global perspective. This book discusses the design and principle of microfluidic systems and uses them for biosensing applications. The microfluidic fabrication technologies covered in this book provide an up-to-date view, allowing the community to think of new ways to overcome challenges faced in this field. The focus is on existing and emerging technologies not currently being analyzed extensively elsewhere, providing a unique perspective and much-needed content. The editors have crafted this book to be accessible to all levels of academics from graduate students, researchers, and professors working in the fields of biosensors, microfluidics design, material science, analytical chemistry, biomedical devices, and biomedical engineering. It can also be useful for industry professionals working for microfluidic device manufacturers, or in the industry of biosensors and biomedical devices. - Presents an in-depth overview of microfluidic biosensors and associated emerging technologies such as printed microfluidics and novel transducers - Addresses a range of microfluidic biosensors with device configurations ranging from 2D to 4D levels - Includes the commercialization aspects of microfluidic biosensors that provide insights for scientists and engineers in research and development

HereOCOs a groundbreaking book that introduces and discusses the important aspects of lab-on-a-chip, including the practical techniques, circuits, microsystems, and key applications in the biomedical, biology, and life science fields. Moreover, this volume covers ongoing research in lab-on-a-chip integration and electric field imaging. Presented in a clear and logical manner, the book provides you with the fundamental underpinnings of lab-on-a-chip, presents practical results, and brings you up to date with state-of-the-art research in the field. This unique resource is supported with over 160 illustrations that clarify important topics throughout.