Six filtrate samples (liquid state) were obtained from selected stages in a totally-chlorine- free (TCF) bleach pulp mill. The solids were recovered by evaporation on rotary evaporators and by lyophilization with a freeze drier. Chemical contents (inorganic and organic chemicals) of the six filtrates were analyzed quantitatively according to TAPPI Test Methods, 1988. Results showed that the #1BS filtrate had the largest amount of inorganic and organic chemicals, which would influence the pulp mill systems the most. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was utilized to qualitatively analyze carbohydrates by using pre-coated cellulose plates. No free monosaccharides were detected in the six filtrates as received. The solids were then acid hydrolyzed and the monosaccharides, D-Glucose, D-Galactose, D-Mannose, D-Xylose, and L-Arabinose were detected in the hydrolyzates of the solids recovered from the filtrates of the early stages of bleaching. This showed that these samples contained both cellulose and hemicelluloses. Wood extractives were also qualitatively determined by TLC using pre-coated silica plates. The freeze-dried solids were extracted with methanol, with distilled water and with ethyl acetate. Results revealed that dihydroquercetin, quercetin and catechin existed in the filtrates from the early stages of bleaching. These catechol-type chemicals will influence the problem of metallic accumulation severely. The results of both carbohydrates and wood extractives were supported by Rf values, Rs (relative resolution) and Rx (relative retention). Pulsed Fourier Transform carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was applied to study the functional groups, particularly hydroxyl groups, of the filtrate lignin samples with a proton decoupling method. A commercial kraft softwood lignin, Aldrich lignin, was used as a reference for the TCF mill filtrate lignins. A newly emerged method of lignin acetylation with acetyl chloride enriched with carbon-13 as reagent was introduced The conventional method of using acetic anhydride to acetylate lignin was used as a reference method. NMR spectra showed that the conventional method gave more functional group information, but the method of acetyl chloride acetylation determined the hydroxyl groups with greater resolution and higher speed. The TCF filtrate lignins were different from the commercial Aldrich lignin. Some differences were also found among the TCF filtrate lignins. These may be important for the future research of lignin modeling with metal complexity.

This text details the principal concepts and developments in wood science, chemistry and technology. It includes new chapters on the chemical synthesis of cellulose and its technology, preservation of wood resources and the conservation of waterlogged wood.

Biological treatment of wastewater is a low-cost solution for remediation of wastewater. This book focuses on the bioremediation of wastewater, its management, monitoring, role of biofilms on wastewater treatment and energy recovery. It emphasizes on organic, inorganic and micropollutants entering into the environment after conventional wastewater treatment facilities of industrial, agricultural and domestic wastewaters. The occurrence of persistent pollutants poses deleterious effects on human and environmental health. Simple solution for recovery of energy as well as water during biological treatment of wastewater is a viable option. This book provides necessary knowledge and experimental studies on emerging bioremediation processes for reducing water, air and soil pollution.

In a world in which legislation promotes the recycling of wastewater new technologies are emerging that can fulfil such a remit. The papers that comprise this volume explore those technologies and explain what is driving and what is preventing their widespread implementation.