This research evaluates carbon-based biomaterials and investigates their fundamental mechanisms in bio-lubrication. Approaches include experimental investigation combined with molecular dynamics simulation. There are four major areas of investigation undertaken as summarized below. The gastropod mucus is a natural biological fluid that acts both as a glue and a lubricant. The chemical compositions, rheological performance, and tribological behavior of the mucus were explored under various conditions. It was found that the water content determined the uniqueness of this nature's lubricant. The results of molecular dynamics (MD) simulation confirmed the hydration lubrication mechanisms. The polycrystalline diamond produced by plasma-enhanced chemical-vapor-deposited (PCVD) was evaluated for the applications in artificial joints. Results suggested that the diamond material was highly wear resistant and was equally excellent in biocompatibility as commonly used Ti6Al4V. The protein molecules were found to bind to the surface of diamond less specifically than it on metal oxide surface. The effects of molecular structures on lubrication were studied. Carbon-based additives in water showed the reduction in friction in self-lubricating polymer. The adsorption of lubricant molecules were correlated to the frictional behavior observed. It was found that the 2D coverage of atomic level asperities took an important role in reducing friction. Furthermore, the graphene oxide showed promising anti-infection capability that is an added benefit for in vivo applications. Finally, the interactions between proteins and carbon-based biomaterials were studied computationally. The kinetic balance and potential were analyzed. An empirical mathematical model was developed in order to predict the interfacial interactions between protein and the surfaces of biomaterials. This research bridges the gap between the effects of the structure of the lubricants and the behavior of the same. It provides the basis to design new lubricants that will be more efficient, more environmental friendly, and more durable. The carbon-based biomaterials would lead to a new generation of artificial joints that help to improve the quality life for patients who need prosthesis. The electronic version of this dissertation is accessible from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/152665

An authoritative and robust overview of the synthesis, characterization, and application of carbon-based materials In Enhanced Carbon-Based Materials and Their Applications, a team of distinguished researchers delivers a timely and carefully referenced overview of carbon-based materials and their applications. Following a summary of carbon-based materials and their synthesis methods, the authors move on to highlight advanced topics regarding enhanced carbon-based materials and their applications. Discussions of the discovery of memristor-based memory, substrate options, and the effect of electrodes materials are accompanied by a review of the developments in carbonous materials, an explanation of the working principle of thermoelectric energy harvesting, and the applications of carbon-enhanced piezoelectric materials, sensors, optoelectronic devices, actuators, and display applications as well. The book concludes with a presentation of anticipated future prospects and challenges in this area, including those obstacles that must be addressed before the large-scale production of carbon-based products can begin. Readers will also find: A thorough introduction to carbon-based nanomaterials, including their synthesis and characterization Comprehensive explorations of functional carbon-based nanomaterials and sensor applications, as well as fabrication techniques of resistive switching carbon-based memories Practical discussions of carbonous-based optoelectronic devices, thermoelectric energy harvesters, and their applications Fulsome treatments of carbon-enhanced piezoelectric materials and their applications Perfect for a multi-disciplinary audience in the broader scientific and industrial communities, Enhanced Carbon-Based Materials and Their Applications will also earn a place in the libraries of researchers and industry professionals with an interest in the synthesis and characterization of carbon nanomaterials.

The physicochemical properties of biomaterials exert a major influence over their interaction with cells and subsequently play an important role on the materials' in vivo performance . Physical characteristics involve internal microstructural features, shape and size of particles, porosity, density, and surface area. Characterization in terms of the chemistry involves determination of the chemical composition and distribution of the elements within the biomaterial. The last decade has seen several innovations in the armory of tools to image and analyze materials, as well as advancement in the collection and processing of those results. In this chapter, the most commonly used methods, which are available for the microstructural characterization of biomaterials, are explained with suitable examples. This chapter starts with microstructural characterization using different types of microscopic techniques including optical and electron microscopy. These techniques can provide information from atomic-scale to microscale to macroscale information. Specific examples are also used for specialized microscopic techniques such as scanning probe microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Some discussions were also used in -related surface characterization using microscopic techniques. Followed by microscopic techniques, phase analysis techniques are discussed based on X-ray diffraction. Short discussion is also placed on infrared (IR)-based spectroscopic characterization for chemical analysis. Further discussion on IR spectroscopy can be found in for surface analysis. The last part of this chapter deals with size, shape, porosity, surface area and surface energy characterization. Particle size analysis by dynamic light scattering (DLS) is discussed in detail followed by IR spectroscopic analysis. Contact angle measurement for surface energy, mercury intrusion porosimetry for analysis of pore structures and gas adsorption measurements for surface area analysis are presented in detail with relevant examples. Throughout this chapter, specific discussions are focused on examples based on applications as well as advantages, disadvantages, and challenges.

Carbon-Based Nanomaterials in Biosystems: Biophysical interface at Lower Dimensions provides a thoroughly comprehensive overview of all major aspects of carbon-based nanomaterials, their biophysical response, and biotechnological application. The book articulates the underlying physics, chemistry, and the basic phenomenon of the broad-range carbon-based nanomaterials (CNMs) with the biological systems particularly the interface analysis. Organized in six sections, it discusses state-of art technological interventions of carbon-based nanomaterials and their application in biomedical sectors in healthcare, food sciences, and technology. The book also highlights the carrying capacity of different CNMs in payload efficiency mechanisms in various biomedical fields. The theranostic efficiency and the safety of various forms of CNMs is assessed. Carbon-Based Nanomaterials in Biosystems is a helpful resource to those specializing in the areas of nanomedicine, bionanomaterials and nanotechnology applications. Covers major breakthroughs in carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) Distinguishes between the advantages and disadvantages of carbon-based and non-carbon-based nanomaterials Discusses the significance of different forms of carbon nanomaterials and their unique physico-chemical and electrochemical properties at the lower dimension Examines the appropriate methodologies for tackling safety and health-related matters while using carbon-based nanomaterials Discusses recent developments of various forms of carbon-based nanomaterials such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, and carbon nano-onions

This book provides a well-focused and comprehensive overview of the history and background of nanocarbon based materials like carbon nanotubes, graphene, and fullerenes. It discusses their structure, synthesis, properties and modifications for making various advanced materials. The authors focus on their use in the health care sector as therapeutic agents in pharmacy and medicine, in diagnosis and analysis in pharmacy and medicine, as biosensors, gene and drug delivery, cancer therapy, biosensing and bioimaging, go-based antibacterial materials, and as a promising antioxidant and GO-based scaffold for cell culture. The authors also showcase the application potential of advanced nanocarbon based materials by examining the biomedical applications developed via novel advanced designing, in which the technologies will be adopted and the end users can be benefited. Finally the authors discuss the increasing research on carbon based materials, along with the challenges they are currently facing along with possible solutions that may result in the availability of the accessible, reliable and cost-efficient technology. The potential user for this book may be medical practitioners, biologists, pharmacists, and chemists.This book covers in-depth knowledge of processing parameters for making nanocarbon based material for high end applications in the biomedical and pharmaceutical fields.

Handbook of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials provides a comprehensive overview of carbon-based nanomaterials and recent advances in these specialized materials. This book opens with a brief introduction to carbon, including the different forms of carbon and their range of uses. Each chapter systematically covers a different type of carbon-based nanomaterial, including its individual characteristics, synthesis techniques and applications in industry, biomedicine and research. This book offers a broad handbook on carbon-based nanomaterials, detailing the materials aspects, applications and recent advances of this expansive topic. With its global team of contributing authors, Handbook of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials collates specific technical expertise from around the world, for each type of carbon-based nanomaterial. Due to the broad nature of the coverage, this book will be useful to an interdisciplinary readership, including researchers in academia and industry in the fields of materials science, engineering, chemistry, energy and biomedical engineering. Covers a range of carbon-based nanomaterials, including graphene, fullerenes and much more Describes key properties, synthesis techniques and characterization of each carbon-based nanomaterial Discusses a range of applications of carbon-based nanomaterials, from biomedicine to energy applications