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Despite compelling preclinical evidence from laboratory models of brain hypoxia suggesting potential neuroprotective strategies, only scattered data are available from clinical studies. A few candidate neuroprotectants have been studied regarding antioxidant, antiapoptotic, anti-excitotoxic, immunomodulatory, and neurotrophic effects. In parallel with clinical innovations, preclinical research initiatives are also identifying new animal models more closely resembling the clinical course and pathology of neurodegenerative diseases. Clarifying the specific mission of the brain cells involved in the damage/repair system in the examined animal models is important to define new therapeutic targets. Following hypoxic damage, detrimental events intermingle with the repairing events in both time- and cellular-dependent fashion. Identifying reliable post-hypoxia brain markers is mandatory to develop potential therapeutic interventions, improving translational research from the experimental observations to the clinical application. A deeper understanding of the precise participation of neurons, glia, and endothelial cells is expected to offer more clues for designing new therapeutic strategies to reduce the current gap among the experimental and the clinical data. One of the main issues should be to study the epigenetic mechanism of neuroprotective agents and their action on the genetic modification induced by hypoxia. Achieving this goal is presumed critical to obtain more conclusive results in patients that by now do not receive appropriate therapy for mitigating the several diseases generated by brain hypoxia. Although a few ongoing studies are evaluating interesting approaches, future research is necessary to come to a novel mechanism of neuroprotection. This book encompasses different chapters conveying the goals and aims of the pertaining research.

Brain Ischemia: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional: 2013 Edition is a ScholarlyEditions™ book that delivers timely, authoritative, and comprehensive information about Additional Research. The editors have built Brain Ischemia: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional: 2013 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Additional Research in this book to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Brain Ischemia: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional: 2013 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.

Brain Hypoxia and Ischemia explores the various aspects of cell death and survival that are crucial for understanding the basic mechanisms underlying brain hypoxia and ischemia. Chapters focus on a panorama of issues including the role of ion channels/transporters, mitochondria and apoptotic mechanisms, the roles of glutamate/NMDA, mechanisms in penumbral cells and the importance of intermittent hypoxia and gene regulation under these stressful conditions. The volume explores findings from both mammalian and invertebrate model systems and their applicability to human systems and diseases. Careful consideration is also given to differences in hypoxia and ischemia across development. This volume aims to increase the understanding of these mechanisms and to stimulate research on better diagnosis and treatment of diseases that afflict the brain and potentially other organs when O2 levels are dysregulated. Brain Hypoxia and Ischemia is designed for neuroscientists, clinicians and medical/graduate students for use in both basic research and clinical practice.

This book presents recent and significant research from around the world dedicated to brain hypoxia-ischemia which is a disorder characterised by a reduction in oxygen supply (hypoxia) combined with reduced blood flow (ischemia) to the brain. This condition may result from a localised obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ischemic attack, transient; brain infarction; brain edema; coma; and other conditions.

The latest advances in molecular neurobiology have contributed significantly to understanding the pathophysiology of brain ischemia/hypoxia and have led to more effective measures to protect against ischemic brain damage. An especially important feature of this book is the new insight it provides into the molecular neurobiology of neurotransmission, the functional structures of glutaminergic receptors, the functional proteins of synapses, and synaptic plasticity. Recent progress is reported in elucidating the pathophysiological roles of NO, free radicals, and intracellular pH and calcium ions in brain ischemia/hypoxia, and a unique approach for protective and therapeutic measures against this condition is described. Molecular Neurobiology and Brain Ischemia will be of special interest to researchers and practitioners in neurobiology and related fields, including neurosurgeons.

Brain hypoxia-ischemia is a disorder characterised by a reduction in oxygen supply (hypoxia) combined with reduced blood flow (ischemia) to the brain. This condition may result from a localised obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ischemic attack, transient; brain infarction; brain oedema; coma; and other conditions. This book presents the latest research in this field from around the world.