The study named as "Binary Symmetric Book I" comprises a series of mathematical analysis investigating whether the Holy Quran has a specific numerical order in terms of both the order of chapters and the number of verses. It is the first volume of the series of 4 books covering the studies in this respect. The following section titles are contained in this current book: *Odd and Even Numbers *Surahs of which the number of ayats are greater than sequence number *Surahs of which the number of ayats are smaller than sequence number *Prime Numbers *Sequence Numbers Set and Number of Ayats Set *The numbers which are divided by two and not divided by three *The numbers which are divided by three and not divided by two *The numbers which are neither divisible by two nor by three *The numbers which are divisible by two and three *The numbers which are divisible by two *The numbers which are divisible by three *Sum of the Prime Factors *Perfect Numbers *Abundant Numbers *Deficient Numbers

Assessing the degree to which two objects, an object and a query, or two concepts are similar or compatible is a fundamental component of human reasoning and consequently is critical in the development of automated diagnosis, classification, information retrieval and decision systems. The assessment of similarity has played an important role in such diverse disciplines such as taxonomy, psychology, and the social sciences. Each discipline has proposed methods for quantifying similarity judgments suitable for its particular applications. This book presents a unified approach to quantifying similarity and compatibility within the framework of fuzzy set theory and examines the primary importance of these concepts in approximate reasoning. Examples of the application of similarity measures in various areas including expert systems, information retrieval, and intelligent database systems are provided.

This volume is based on the 2008 Clifford Lectures on Information Flow in Physics, Geometry and Logic and Computation, held March 12-15, 2008, at Tulane University in New Orleans, Louisiana. The varying perspectives of the researchers are evident in the topics represented in the volume, including mathematics, computer science, quantum physics and classical and quantum information. A number of the articles address fundamental questions in quantum information and related topics in quantum physics, using abstract categorical and domain-theoretic models for quantum physics to reason about such systems and to model spacetime. Readers can expect to gain added insight into the notion of information flow and how it can be understood in many settings. They also can learn about new approaches to modeling quantum mechanics that provide simpler and more accessible explanations of quantum phenomena, which don't require the arcane aspects of Hilbert spaces and the cumbersome notation of bras and kets.

Having trouble deciding which coding scheme to employ, how to design a new scheme, or how to improve an existing system? This summary of the state-of-the-art in iterative coding makes this decision more straightforward. With emphasis on the underlying theory, techniques to analyse and design practical iterative coding systems are presented. Using Gallager's original ensemble of LDPC codes, the basic concepts are extended for several general codes, including the practically important class of turbo codes. The simplicity of the binary erasure channel is exploited to develop analytical techniques and intuition, which are then applied to general channel models. A chapter on factor graphs helps to unify the important topics of information theory, coding and communication theory. Covering the most recent advances, this text is ideal for graduate students in electrical engineering and computer science, and practitioners. Additional resources, including instructor's solutions and figures, available online: www.cambridge.org/9780521852296.

Brief informal introductions to coding techniques developed for the storage, retrieval, and transmission of large amounts of data.

Providing a complete description of modern tactical military communications and networks technology, this book systematically compares tactical military communications techniques with their commercial equivalents, pointing out similarities and differences. In particular it examines each layer of the protocol stack and shows how specific tactical and security requirements result in changes from the commercial approach. The author systematically leads readers through this complex topic, firstly providing background on the architectural approach upon which the analysis will be based, and then going into detail on tactical wireless communications and networking technologies and techniques. Structured progressively: for readers needing an overall view; for those looking at the communications aspects (lower layers of the protocol stack); and for users interested in the networking aspects (higher layers of the protocol stack) Presents approaches to alleviate the challenges faced by the engineers in the field today Furnished throughout with illustrations and case studies to clarify the notional and architectural approaches Includes a list of problems for each chapter to emphasize the important aspects of the topics covered Covers the current state of tactical networking as well as the future long term evolution of tactical wireless communications and networking in the next 50 years Written at an advanced level with scope as a reference tool for engineers and scientists as well as a graduate text for advanced courses