The purpose of this book, Production Technology, is to provide a comprehensive knowledge and insight into various aspects of engineering materials, their heat and fabrication, manufacturing processes, machining and tooling techniques, non-conventional methods of machining, the cutting tools, tooling equipment and machine tools, dies, jigs and fixtures, presses etc. As computers are finding more and more usage in factories, special attention has been given for their full coverage. Other chapters have been especially added in view of the latest trends and developments taking place in the field of production. Modern practices and recent trends on automation have been covered in each chapter. A good number of important problems collected from several universities have been solved and given at the end of each chapter.

Beginning with a discussion on frameworks of writing history, the volume sheds light on the origins and growth of civilizations, empires, and religions. It covers the geographical, ecological, and linguistic backgrounds, and looks at specific cultures of the Neolithic, Chalcolithic, and Vedic periods, as well as the Harappan civilization. The author discussed the rise of Jainism and Buddhism, Magadha, and the beginning of territorial states. The period of Mauryas, Central Asian countries, Satavahanas, Guptas, and Harshvardhana are also analysed. He highlights important phenomena such as the varna system, urbanization, commerce and trade, developments in science and philosophy, and cultural legacy. He also examines the process of transition from ancient to medieval India and addresses topical issues such as the origin of the Aryan culture. This engaging and lucid text, by one of the best-known scholars of ancient India, will be indispensable for students and teachers of ancient Indian history. This book is the Hindi translation of the English edition.