The azimuthal anisotropy of particle production is commonly used in high-energy nuclear collisions to study the early evolution of the expanding system. The prolate shape of uranium nuclei makes it possible to study how the geometry of the colliding nuclei affects final state anisotropies. It also provides a unique opportunity to understand how entropy is produced in heavy ion collisions. In this paper, the two- and four- particle cumulant v2 (v2{2} and v2{4}) from U+U collisions at √sNN = 193 GeV and Au+Au collisions at √sNN = 200 GeV for inclusive charged hadrons will be presented. The STAR Zero Degree Calorimeters are used to select very central collisions. Differences were observed between the multiplicity dependence of v2{2} for most central Au+Au and U+U collisions. The multiplicity dependence of v2{2} in central collisions were compared to Monte Carlo Glauber model predictions and it was seen that this model cannot explain the present results. (auth).

STAR (Solenoidal Tracker At RHIC) is one of two large detectors along the ring of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory. Experiments that collide heavy nuclei at high energy have been taking data at RHIC since the year 2000. The main goal of RHIC has been to search for a new phase of matter called the Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP), and to determine its properties, including the phase diagram that governs the relationship between QGP and more conventional hadronic matter. This dissertation has a particular focus on analysis of STAR measurements of the anisotropy of particle emission over a range of colliding energies, and these particular measurements are made possible by a unique application of a detector subsystem called Beam-Beam Counters (BBCs), which are placed close to the beam lines on both sides of the collision region. This project has involved development of software that uses the hit pattern of charged particles in the BBCs to determine the collision reaction plane, for use in measurements of anisotropy. Anisotropic flow sheds light on the early partonic system, and according to models, is minimally distorted during the post-partonic stages of the collision. In this anisotropic flow analysis, the estimated reaction plane of each event is reconstructed using the BBC signals, which have a large rapidity gap between them. There is also a large rapidity gap between each BBC and the STAR Time Projection Chamber (the main STAR subsystem for measuring particle tracks). These large rapidity gaps allow us to measure correlations relative to the reaction plane with the least possible systematic error from what is known as "non-flow", i.e., background correlations unrelated to the reaction plane. Flow correlations are normally reported in terms Fourier coefficients, v1, v2, etc. Di- rected flow is quantified by the first harmonic (v1) in the Fourier expansion of the particle's azimuthal distribution with respect to the reaction plane. Elliptic flow is the name given to the second harmonic (v2), and triangular flow is the name for the third harmonic (v3). These harmonic coefficients carry information on the very early stages of the collision. The v1 component is emphasized in this dissertation, and the BBC information that is a unique feature of this work is especially important for v1 measurements. Until recently, higher-order odd harmonics were overlooked. These odd flow harmonics carry valuable information about the initial-state fluctuations of the colliding system. This dissertation includes a study of the flow harmonic related to dipole asymmetry and triangularity in the initial geometry.

Excited nuclear matter at high temperature and density results in the creation of a new state of matter called Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP). It is believed that the Universe was in the QGP state a few millionths of a second after the Big Bang. A QGP can be experimentally created for a very brief time by colliding heavy nuclei, such as gold, at ultra-relativistic energies. The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory consists of two circular rings, 3.8 km in circumference, which can accelerate heavy nuclei in two counter-rotating beams to nearly the speed of light (up to 100 GeV per beam). STAR (Solenoidal Tracker At RHIC) is one of two large detectors at the RHIC facility, and was constructed and is operated by a large international collaboration made up of more than 500 scientists from 56 institutions in 12 countries. STAR has been taking data from heavy ion collisions since the year 2000. An important component of the physics effort of the STAR collaboration is the Beam Energy Scan (BES), designed to study the properties of the Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) phase diagram in the regions where a first-order phase transition and a critical point may exist. Phase-I of the BES program took data in 2010, 2011 and 2014, using Au+Au collisions at a center-of-mass energy per nucleon pair of 7.7, 11.5, 14.5, 19.6, 27 and 39 GeV. It is by now considered a well-established fact that the QGP phase exists. However, all evidence so far indicates that there is a smooth crossover when normal hadronic matter becomes QGP and vice versa in collisions at the top energy of RHIC (and likewise at the Large Hadron Collider at the CERN laboratory in Switzerland). At these very high energies, the net density of baryons like nucleons is quite low, since there are almost equal abundances of baryons and antibaryons. It is known that net-baryon compression increases as the beam energy is lowered below a few tens of GeV. Of course, if the beam energy is too low, then the QGP phase cannot be produced at all, so it has been proposed that there is an optimum beam energy, so far unknown, where phenomena like a first-order phase transition and a critical point might be observed. On the other hand, there also exists the possibility that a smooth crossover to QGP occurs throughout the applicable region of the QCD phase diagram. Experiments are needed to resolve these questions. In this dissertation, I focus on one of the main goals of the BES program, which is to search for a possible first-order phase transition from hadronic matter to QGP and back again, using measurements of azimuthal anisotropy. The momentum-space azimuthal anisotropy of the final-state particles from collisions can be expressed in Fourier harmonics. The first harmonic coefficient is called directed flow, and reflects the strength of the collective sideward motion, relative to the beam direction, of the particles. Models tell us that directed flow is imparted during the very early stage of a collision and is not much altered during subsequent stages of the collision. Thus directed flow can provide information about the early stages when the QGP phase exists for a short time. A subset of hydrodynamic and nuclear transport model calculations with the assumption of a first-order phase transition show a prominent dip in the directed flow versus beam energy. I present directed flow and its slope with respect to rapidity, for identified particle types, namely lambda, anti-lambda and kaons as a function of beam energy for central, intermediate and peripheral collisions. The production threshold of neutral strange particles requires them to be created earlier, and these particles have relatively long mean free path. Thus these particles may probe the QGP at earlier times. In addition, new Lambda measurements can provide more insight about baryon number transported to the midrapidity region by stopping process of the nuclear collision. It is noteworthy that net-baryon density (equivalent to baryon chemical potential) depends not only on beam energy but also on collision centrality. The centrality dependence of directed flow and its slope are also studied for all BES energies for nine identified particle types, lambda, anti-lambda, neutral kaons, charged kaons, protons, anti-protons, and charged pions. These detailed results for many particle species, where both centrality and beam energy are varied over a wide range, strongly constrain models. The measurements summarized above pave the way for a new round of model refinements and subsequent comparisons with data. If the latter does not lead to a clear conclusion, the BES Phase-II program will take data in 2019 and 2020 with an upgraded STAR detector with wider acceptance, greatly improved statistics, and will extend measurements to new energy points.

Elliptic flow in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions results from the hydrodynamic response to the spatial anisotropy of the initial density profile. Along-standing problem in the interpretation of flow data is that uncertainties in the initial anisotropy are mingled with uncertainties in the response. We argue that the non-Gaussianity of flow fluctuations in small systems with large fluctuations can be used to disentangle the initial state from the response. We apply this method to recent measurements of anisotropic flow in Pb+Pb and p+Pb collisions at the LHC, assuming linear response to the initial anisotropy. The response coefficient is found to decrease as the system becomes smaller and is consistent with a low value of the ratio of viscosity over entropy of [eta]/s 0.19. Deviations from linear response are studied. While they significantly change the value of the response coefficient they do not change the rate of decrease with centrality. Thus, we argue that the estimate of [eta]/s is robust against non-linear effects.

We present STAR measurements of the azimuthal anisotropy parameter v2 and the binary-collision scaled centrality ratio R{sub CP} for kaons and lambdas ([Lambda] + {bar [Lambda]}) at mid-rapidity in Au+Au collisions at √s{sub NN} = 200 GeV. In combination, the v2 and R{sub CP} particle-type dependencies contradict expectations from partonic energy loss followed by standard fragmentation in vacuum. We establish p{sub T} ≈ 5 GeV/c as the value where the centrality dependent baryon enhancement ends. The K{sub S}° and {Lambda} + {bar {Lambda}} v2 values are consistent with expectations of constituent-quark-number scaling from models of hadron formation by parton coalescence or recombination.

The results from the STAR Collaboration on directed flow (v1), elliptic flow (v2), and the fourth harmonic (v4) in the anisotropic azimuthal distribution of particles from Au+Au collisions at (square root)s{sub NN} = 200 GeV are summarized and compared with results from other experiments and theoretical models. Results for identified particles are presented and fit with a Blast Wave model. For v2, scaling with the number of constituent quarks and parton coalescence is discussed. For v4, scaling with v22 and quark coalescence predictions for higher harmonic flow is discussed. The different anisotropic flow analysis methods are compared and nonflow effects are extracted from the data. For v2, scaling with the number of constituent quarks and parton coalescence are discussed. For v22 and quark coalescence are discussed.