Research Paper (undergraduate) from the year 2015 in the subject Agrarian Studies, , course: BSc. forestry, language: English, abstract: There is high deforestation and forest degradation estimated to be 400,000ha per annum between 1990 and 2013 in Tanzania forests. This is due to the increase in wood demand for energy and for industrial raw materials. The study was conducted to assess forest condition of Sokoine University of Agriculture - Kitulangalo Forest Reserve (SUA KFR). A total of 52 nested circular plots with radii of 2, 5, 10, and 15 m were used to collect data such as diameter at breast height (DBH), height and number of regenerants. Parameters computed for data analsysis were stem per ha (N), number of regenerants, dominant tree species, exotic species, basal area per ha (G) and volume (standing and removed) per ha (V). A total of 71 tree species were identified and recorded during inventory, the average 995±256 stems/ha of different tree species of various DBH class, the average basal area per ha, G=7.961268±0.8 m2/ha and the mean standing total volume, 54.72914±11.3 m3/ha were also computed. The mean total volume removed is 0.58 m3 per ha which is very small compared to stocking. The dominant tree (richness) species includes Julbernardia globiflora (17%), Brachystegia speciformis (8%), Acacia nigrescens (7%), Acacia robusta (6%), Albizzia harveyi (5%), Scierocaryabirrea spp/ Caffra (5%) and others i.e total of all

Recent developments in international policy on Reduced Emissions from Deforestation in Developing countries (REDD) open the way for crediting of carbon saved by rural communities through management of the forests in their vicinity. Since the annual changes in forest carbon stock under this kind of management are relatively small and often under the canopy, they cannot easily be assessed using remote sensing, so ground-level data collection is likely to be essential over large areas of forests. The potential role of communities in measuring, monitoring and reporting carbon stock changes in their forests has been explicitly mentioned in UNFCCC documentation on methodology for REDD+, the extended form of REDD that includes forest enhancement, sustainable forest management and forest conservation. This book presents practical methods by which communities can do it. These methods were developed and tested with communities in villages in Africa and Asia under a six-year research programme. The reliability of the data gathered by the community is shown to be equivalent to that of professional forest inventories while the costs are much lower. Involvement of local communities in collection of this data may be the most cost-effective solution for national REDD+ programmes. Moreover, it could provide the basis for a transparent system for distribution of the financial rewards from REDD+ and the carbon market. The book first presents the policy context, concepts, methods and general results, which include estimates of typical carbon savings resulting from community management in different types of tropical forests. It also looks at the governance issues that may be involved and a variety of ways in which incentive schemes might be designed to encourage communities to participate. The second half of the book is devoted to case studies from the countries involved in the research. These provide both ideas and practical experience to enable agencies to engage with local communities to monitor carbon stock changes.

Miombo woodlands and their use: overview and key issues. The ecology of miombo woodlands. Population biology of miombo tree. Miombo woodlands in the wider context: macro-economic and inter-sectoral influences. Rural households and miombo woodlands: use, value and management. Trade in woodland products from the miombo region. Managing miombo woodland. Institutional arrangements governing the use and the management of miombo woodlands. Miombo woodlands and rural livelihoods: options and opportunities.

Experiences from incentive-based forest management are examined for their effects on the livelihoods of local communities. In the second section, country case studies provide a snapshot of REDD developments to date and identify design features for REDD that would support benefits for forest communities.

REDD+ must be transformational. REDD+ requires broad institutional and governance reforms, such as tenure, decentralisation, and corruption control. These reforms will enable departures from business as usual, and involve communities and forest users in making and implementing policies that a ect them. Policies must go beyond forestry. REDD+ strategies must include policies outside the forestry sector narrowly de ned, such as agriculture and energy, and better coordinate across sectors to deal with non-forest drivers of deforestation and degradation. Performance-based payments are key, yet limited. Payments based on performance directly incentivise and compensate forest owners and users. But schemes such as payments for environmental services (PES) depend on conditions, such as secure tenure, solid carbon data and transparent governance, that are often lacking and take time to change. This constraint reinforces the need for broad institutional and policy reforms. We must learn from the past. Many approaches to REDD+ now being considered are similar to previous e orts to conserve and better manage forests, often with limited success. Taking on board lessons learned from past experience will improve the prospects of REDD+ e ectiveness. National circumstances and uncertainty must be factored in. Di erent country contexts will create a variety of REDD+ models with di erent institutional and policy mixes. Uncertainties about the shape of the future global REDD+ system, national readiness and political consensus require  exibility and a phased approach to REDD+ implementation.

This study explores policies, incentives and options for the rural poor who depend on the miombo woodlands of Southern Africa. Because of the important role of forests as social safety nets, planners must keep in mind the cost of deforestation and degradation to rural populations.