This reference manual of ANNA is another volume addressed to the ADA community. ANNA is a language extension of ADA to include facilities for formally specifying the intended behavior of ADA programs. It is designed to meet a perceived need to augment ADA with precise machine-processable annotations so that well established formal methods of specification and documentation can be applied to ADA programs. The current ANNA design includes annotations of all ADA constructs except tasking. Similar extensions for formal specification can be made to other Algol-like languages such as Pascal, PL/1, Concurrent Pascal, and Modula; essentially, these extensions would be subsets of ANNA. The design of ANNA was undertaken from the beginning with four principal considerations: 1. Constructing annotations should be easy for the ADA programmer and should depend as much as possible on notation and concepts of ADA. 2. ANNA should possess language features that are widely used in the specification and documentation of programs. 3. ANNA should provide a framework within which the various established theories of formally specifying programs may be applied to ADA. 4. Annotations should be equally well suited for different possible applications during the life cycle of a program. Such applications include not only testing, debugging and formal verification of a finished program, but also specification of program parts during the earlier stages of requirements analysis and program design.

This book presents the rationale behind the design and development of the programming language Ada. The materials incorporating corrections to its original printing by the Ada Joint Program Office (AJPO), will be essential reading for all those currently using the language as well as those considering its adoption.

Debugging has always been a costly part of software development, and many attempts have been made to provide automatic computer support for this task.Automated debugging has seen major develoments over the last decade. Onesuccessful development is algorithmic debugging, which originated in logic programming but was later generalized to concurrent, imperative, and lazy functional languages. Important advances have also been made in knowledge-based program debugging, and in approaches to automated debugging based on static and dynamic program slicing based on dataflow and dependence analysis technology. This is the first collected volume of papers on automated debugging and presents latest developments, tutorial papers, and surveys.

Topics • what this book is about, • its intended audience, • what the reader ought to know, • how the book is organized, • acknowledgements. Specifications express information about a program that is not normally part of the program, and often cannot be expressed in a programming lan guage. In the past, the word "specification" has sometimes been used to refer to somewhat vague documentation written in English. But today it indicates a precise statement, written in a machine processable language, about the purpose and behavior of a program. Specifications are written in languages that are just as precise as programming languages, but have additional capabilities that increase their power of expression. The termi nology formal specification is sometimes used to emphasize the modern meaning. For us, all specifications are formal. The use of specifications as an integral part of a program opens up a whole new area of programming - progmmming with specifications. This book describes how to use specifications in the process of building programs, debugging them, and interfacing them with other programs. It deals with a new trend in programming - the evolution of specification languages from the current generation of programming languages. And it describes new strategies and styles of programming that utilize specifications. The trend is just beginning, and the reader, having finished this book, will viii Preface certainly see that there is much yet to be done and to be discovered about programming with specifications.

The collection of papers published in this book was initially presented at the Workshop on Software Factories and Ada, held on Capri, May 26-30, 1986. The subject of the book is software development environments. Software development is treated from three viewpoints: methodologies, language issues and mechanisms. Of particular interest are the discussions of automation of the development process and the formalization of software development specifications. Several new methodologies are described, many of which are available on the commercial market. New is in particular the formalization of the design and development process. Interesting ideas are presented on planning the design process and on supporting project management by formal tools. The reader will find a variety of interesting methodologies and mechanisms that are operational. The book is suitable for readers interested in knowing in which direction programming environment research is moving.

This volume is the proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on the Mathematical Foundations of Programming Language Semantics held at Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, April 8-10, 1987. The 1st Workshop was at Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas in April, 1985 (see LNCS 239), and the 2nd Workshop with a limited number of participants was at Kansas State in April, 1986. It was the intention of the organizers that the 3rd Workshop survey as many areas of the Mathematical Foundations of Programming Language Semantics as reasonably possible. The Workshop attracted 49 submitted papers, from which 28 papers were chosen for presentation. The papers ranged in subject from category theory and Lambda-calculus to the structure theory of domains and power domains, to implementation issues surrounding semantics.

Reports about recent developments of ADA, especially in the UK. It contains an introduction to ADA 9X and reports about the improved support for object-oriented programming and the tasking model. It also discusses high-integrity applications, safety critical software development and the mapping of ADA projects on the 2157A standard.