The Laurentian Great Lakes are a tremendous freshwater resource, holding approximately 20% of the world's unfrozen freshwater. With a combined surface area of 244,000 km2, the Great Lakes are constantly interacting with the overlying atmosphere through fluxes of heat, moisture, and momentum. In the current study, we explore interactions between the Great Lakes and overlying atmosphere using a combination of observational and modeling tools. Results based on historical observations indicate that over-lake precipitation from the Lake Superior watershed is associated with transient Rossby waves during each month of the year. Further analysis indicates the origin and path of these waves change with the background flow. During summer and early fall, the Pacific jet is relatively sharp and acts as a waveguide, such that Rossby wave trains traversing the Great Lakes region do not follow a great-circle path. While the atmosphere primarily dictates hydrology in the Great Lakes basin, each of the Great Lakes feeds back on the overlying atmosphere, ultimately influencing the local and regional climate. Historical observational and modeling studies support this claim; however, a consistent, long-term analysis of the impacts of the Great Lakes on climate has yet to be executed. In the current analysis, the influence of the Great Lakes on climate is assessed by comparing two decade-long regional climate simulations, with the lakes present or replaced by woodland. Model results indicate the Great Lakes dampen seasonal and daily surface air temperature ranges, alter the strength and track of synoptic systems, and modify atmospheric stability. Additional analysis based on output from the regional climate model indicates that seasonal fluctuations in atmospheric stability over Lake Superior influence the ratio of over-lake to over-land precipitation. Since the current operational technique used to estimate over-lake precipitation does not account for variations in atmospheric stability, these estimates are likely too high during stable, warm-season months, and too low during less-stable or unstable, cold-season months. Collectively, results from this analysis demonstrate the significance of atmospheric forcing and lake feedbacks on hydrology and climate throughout the Great Lakes basin.

Analyses have been made of a number of recent cases of lake effect snowfall along the southern and eastern shores of Lake Erie. Synoptic analyses are presented to show the large-scale weather situations in which severe lake effect snowstorms occur, and also some of the mesoscale characteristics of the snow squall bands. Examples are included which show typical characteristics as they appeared in several different storms. Meso-analysis of a Lake Ontario storm reveals distinctive pressure, wind, and convergence patterns that are associated with Lake effect storms. (Author).