Dans un systeme de c.a.o. Batiment, la definition technologique d'un projet s'effectue generalement a l'aide d'editeurs graphiques par affectation de composants en catalogue aux entites geometriques. C'est en particulier le cas du systeme x2a qui sert de support au developpement de la presente etude. Notre travail concerne l'assistance et l'aide a la conception en c.a.o. Batiment. Il peut etre decompose selon trois axes complementaires: aide a la definition de la technologie des ouvrages par commandes habillage: une commande est un triplet (etage; domaine; composant) qui permet l'affectation d'un composant a l'ensemble des entites geometriques implicitement contenues dans un domaine (planchers, facades, separateurs...) d'un meme etage. Le concepteur selectionne dans l'ensemble des commandes, que nous avons elaborees, la sequence de celles qui repondent le mieux a son cas particulier. Deduction de solutions techniques le systeme-expert descartes: l'utilisateur definit un ensemble de specifications techniques pour son projet. Le s.e. Descartes en deduit les caracteristiques des materiaux a mettre en uvre pour chaque type d'ouvrage. Un tri dans la b.d. (base de donnees) du systeme de c.a.o. Permet ensuite de selectionner les composants dont la description correspond aux caracteristiques techniques deduites. Il suffit alors de generer automatiquement les commandes d'habillage dont l'activation conduit au resultat recherche. Generation automatique de modelisation de structure: nous avons regroupe sous ce terme un ensemble de procedures qui permettent d'interpreter les resultats d'habillage pour en deduire les differents ouvrages conformement aux besoins des algorithmes de calculs et d'evaluations techniques du projet

Earthen architecture constitutes one of the most diverse forms of cultural heritage and one of the most challenging to preserve. It dates from all periods and is found on all continents but is particularly prevalent in Africa, where it has been a building tradition for centuries. Sites range from ancestral cities in Mali to the palaces of Abomey in Benin, from monuments and mosques in Iran and Buddhist temples on the Silk Road to Spanish missions in California. This volume's sixty-four papers address such themes as earthen architecture in Mali, the conservation of living sites, local knowledge systems and intangible aspects, seismic and other natural forces, the conservation and management of archaeological sites, research advances, and training.

DANS UN SYSTEME DE C.A.O. BATIMENT, LA DEFINITION TECHNOLOGIQUE D'UN PROJET S'EFFECTUE GENERALEMENT A L'AIDE D'EDITEURS GRAPHIQUES PAR AFFECTATION DE COMPOSANTS EN CATALOGUE AUX ENTITES GEOMETRIQUES. C'EST EN PARTICULIER LE CAS DU SYSTEME X2A QUI SERT DE SUPPORT AU DEVELOPPEMENT DE LA PRESENTE ETUDE. NOTRE TRAVAIL CONCERNE L'ASSISTANCE ET L'AIDE A LA CONCEPTION EN C.A.O. BATIMENT. IL PEUT ETRE DECOMPOSE SELON TROIS AXES COMPLEMENTAIRES: AIDE A LA DEFINITION DE LA TECHNOLOGIE DES OUVRAGES PAR COMMANDES HABILLAGE: UNE COMMANDE EST UN TRIPLET (ETAGE; DOMAINE; COMPOSANT) QUI PERMET L'AFFECTATION D'UN COMPOSANT A L'ENSEMBLE DES ENTITES GEOMETRIQUES IMPLICITEMENT CONTENUES DANS UN DOMAINE (PLANCHERS, FACADES, SEPARATEURS...) D'UN MEME ETAGE. LE CONCEPTEUR SELECTIONNE DANS L'ENSEMBLE DES COMMANDES, QUE NOUS AVONS ELABOREES, LA SEQUENCE DE CELLES QUI REPONDENT LE MIEUX A SON CAS PARTICULIER. DEDUCTION DE SOLUTIONS TECHNIQUES LE SYSTEME-EXPERT DESCARTES: L'UTILISATEUR DEFINIT UN ENSEMBLE DE SPECIFICATIONS TECHNIQUES POUR SON PROJET. LE S.E. DESCARTES EN DEDUIT LES CARACTERISTIQUES DES MATERIAUX A METTRE EN UVRE POUR CHAQUE TYPE D'OUVRAGE. UN TRI DANS LA B.D. (BASE DE DONNEES) DU SYSTEME DE C.A.O. PERMET ENSUITE DE SELECTIONNER LES COMPOSANTS DONT LA DESCRIPTION CORRESPOND AUX CARACTERISTIQUES TECHNIQUES DEDUITES. IL SUFFIT ALORS DE GENERER AUTOMATIQUEMENT LES COMMANDES D'HABILLAGE DONT L'ACTIVATION CONDUIT AU RESULTAT RECHERCHE. GENERATION AUTOMATIQUE DE MODELISATION DE STRUCTURE: NOUS AVONS REGROUPE SOUS CE TERME UN ENSEMBLE DE PROCEDURES QUI PERMETTENT D'INTERPRETER LES RESULTATS D'HABILLAGE POUR EN DEDUIRE LES DIFFERENTS OUVRAGES CONFORMEMENT AUX BESOINS DES ALGORITHMES DE CALCULS ET D'EVALUATIONS TECHNIQUES DU PROJET

Concrete made using mineral cements, the raw materials which on earth are practically endless, is known as one of the oldest building materials and during the last decades of the twentieth century has become a dominant building material for general use. At the same time, the requirements of the quality of concrete and its performance properties, in particular compressive strength, durability, economical efficiency, and low negative impact of its manufacture on the environment have not yet been completely met. Bearing these requirements in mind, researchers and engineers worldwide are working on how to satisfy these requirements. This book has been written by researchers and experts in the field and provides the state of the art on recent progress achieved on the properties of concrete, including concrete in which industrial by-products are utilized. The book is dedicated to graduate students, researchers, and practicing engineers in related fields.

Persistence theory emerged in the early 2000s as a new theory in the area of applied and computational topology. This book provides a broad and modern view of the subject, including its algebraic, topological, and algorithmic aspects. It also elaborates on applications in data analysis. The level of detail of the exposition has been set so as to keep a survey style, while providing sufficient insights into the proofs so the reader can understand the mechanisms at work. The book is organized into three parts. The first part is dedicated to the foundations of persistence and emphasizes its connection to quiver representation theory. The second part focuses on its connection to applications through a few selected topics. The third part provides perspectives for both the theory and its applications. The book can be used as a text for a course on applied topology or data analysis.

It is estimated that literally billions of residents in urban and peri-urban areas of Africa, Asia, and Latin America are served by onsite sanitation systems (e.g. various types of latrines and septic tanks). Until recently, the management of faecal sludge from these onsite systems has been grossly neglected, partially as a result of them being considered temporary solutions until sewer-based systems could be implemented. However, the perception of onsite or decentralized sanitation technologies for urban areas is gradually changing, and is increasingly being considered as long-term, sustainable options in urban areas, especially in low- and middle-income countries that lack sewer infrastructures. This is the first book dedicated to faecal sludge management. It compiles the current state of knowledge of the rapidly evolving field of faecal sludge management, and presents an integrated approach that includes technology, management, and planning based on Sandecs 20 years of experience in the field. Faecal Sludge Management: Systems Approach for Implementation and Operation addresses the organization of the entire faecal sludge management service chain, from the collection and transport of sludge, and the current state of knowledge of treatment options, to the final end use or disposal of treated sludge. The book also presents important factors to consider when evaluating and upscaling new treatment technology options. The book is designed for undergraduate and graduate students, and engineers and practitioners in the field who have some basic knowledge of environmental and/or wastewater engineering.

This book is devoted to Agroecological Crop Protection, which is the declension of the principles of agroecology to crop protection. It presents the concepts of this innovative approach, case studies and lessons and generic keys for agroecological transition. The book is intended for a wide audience, including scientists, experimenters, teachers, farmers, students. It represents a new tool, proposing concrete keys of action on the basis of feedbacks validated scientifically. Beyond the examples presented, it is therefore of general scope and proposes recommendations for all temperate and tropical cropping systems. It contributes to the training and teaching modules in this field and it is an updated information support for professionals and a teaching aid for students (agronomy, crop protection, biodiversity management, agroecology).