Southeast Asia made considerable progress in building and strengthening its agricultural R&D capacity during 2000–2017. All of the region’s countries reported higher numbers of agricultural researchers, improvements in their average qualification levels, and higher shares of women participating in agricultural R&D. In contrast, regional agricultural research spending remained stagnant, despite considerable growth in agricultural output over time. As a result, Southeast Asia’s agricultural research intensity—that is, agricultural research spending as a share of agricultural GDP—steadily declined from 0.50 percent in 2000 to just 0.33 percent in 2017. Although the extent of underinvestment in agricultural research differs across countries, all Southeast Asian countries invested below the levels deemed attainable based on the analysis summarized in this report. The region will need to increase its agricultural research investment substantially in order to address future agricultural production challenges more effectively and ensure productivity growth. Southeast Asia’s least developed agricultural research systems (Cambodia, Laos, and Myanmar) are characterized by low scientific output and researcher productivity as a direct consequence of severe underfunding and lack of sufficient well-qualified research staff. While Malaysia and Thailand have significantly more developed agricultural research systems, they still report key inefficiencies and resource constraints that require attention. Indonesia, the Philippines, and Vietnam occupy intermediate positions between these two groups of high- and low-performing agricultural research systems. Growing national economies, higher disposable incomes, and changing consumption patterns will prompt considerable shifts in levels of agricultural production, consumption, imports, and exports across Southeast Asia over the next 20 to 30 years. The resource-allocation decisions that governments make today will affect agricultural productivity for decades to come. Governments therefore need to ensure the research they undertake is responsive to future challenges and opportunities, and aligned with strategic development and agricultural sector plans. ASTI’s projections reveal that prioritizing investment in staple crops will still trigger fastest agricultural productivity growth in Laos. However, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Vietnam could achieve faster growth over the next 30 years by prioritizing investment in research focused on fruit, vegetables, livestock, and aquaculture. In Cambodia, Myanmar, and Thailand, the choice between focusing on staple crops versus high-value commodities was less pronounced, but projections did indicate that prioritizing investments in oil crop research would trigger significantly lower growth in agricultural productivity.

This is an open access book. International Symposium – SEAVEG 2021 as a medium for educators, researchers, practitioners and students to convey the results of research, insights, knowledge, and innovations that have been carried out and compile them into a concrete, implementable formula. SEAVEG 2021 could be a discussion forum that encourages and accelerates agricultural development in Indonesia, especially horticultural commodities. The symposium welcomes papers that explore but not limited to the topic of Vegetables for Resilience and Healthy Diets. The range of the topics covered by SEAVEG 2021 includes: Hunger and MalnutritionStarvation occurs when a person does not get enough food, and in the long run, it can lead to malnutrition. Malnutrition can also occur when a person lacks essential nutrients as a result of not eating sufficiently.The horticultural sub-sector, especially vegetables, is a rich source of nutrients. As a food ingredient that contains many nutrients including vitamins and minerals, proper consumption of vegetables is important. It includes breeding, seed quality, production, and related aspects. Food and Nutrition Security Food as basic human need plays a significant role to create a good life. The availability of safe and nutritious food must be fulfilled. Food deficiency can create instability. >In order to achieve food stability, each country has different concepts and methods depending on their respective conditions, such as economic, geographic, technological, regional dan socio-cultural conditions. It includes breeding, seed quality, production, and related aspects. Food Supply Chain and Agribusiness In developing countries, the food supply chain has not been efficient because of the many actors involved. The supply chain describes the process of food, in this case from horticulture commodities, from production, processing, distribution, consumption, and disposal. Each step of the supply chain requires human resources that will reduce the farmer’s margin. The length of the supply chain also affects people’s purchasing power. Food Supply Chain is one of the many aspects from agribusiness system. To make an environmental that is leaning towards farmer’s prosperity, we need to make an agribusiness system that is efficient. Digital marketing system, such as marketplace, can shorten the supply chain and support better agribusiness system. Young Agripreneur in Horticulture Currently, young people around the world are not much interested in the agricultural sector. Agriculture, especially horticulture sub-sector, is very prospective to increase income and economic value. Farming vegetable commodity from upstream to downstream is very challenging for the millennial generation to develop. The demand in the horticultural sector, especially vegetable products, is increasing during the covid-19 pandemic. It is a business opportunity in itself, especially for young agricultural entrepreneurs. Millennial characteristics, adaptive to technology, full of innovation, make young agricultural entrepreneurs have the potential to increase the income and develop their business in horticultural commodities. Covid-19: Issues and Challenges in Vegetables for Resilience during PandemicThe Covid-19 pandemic is a momentum for the revival of the horticultural sub-sector. A balanced nutritional intake, especially vegetables, is highly recommended. People are increasingly aware that vegetables accompanied by a proper and healthy diet are beneficial for increasing body immunity. People are also encouraged to practice a healthier lifestyle to maintain endurance. Therefore, they will get infected by the disease. This change in mindset has influenced people’s interest in finding healthy food sources, such as vegetables that are good for health.

Myanmar has endured multiple crises in recent years — including COVID-19, global price instability, the 2021 coup, and widespread conflict — that have disrupted and even reversed a decade of economic development. Household welfare has declined severely, with more than 3 million people displaced and many more affected by high food price inflation and worsening diets. Yet Myanmar’s agrifood production and exports have proved surprisingly resilient. Myanmar’s Agrifood System: Historical Development, Recent Shocks, Future Opportunities provides critical analyses and insights into the agrifood system’s evolution, current state, and future potential. This work fills an important knowledge gap for one of Southeast Asia’s major agricultural economies — one largely closed to empirical research for many years. It is the culmination of a decade of rigorous empirical research on Myanmar’s agrifood system, including through the recent crises. Written by IFPRI researchers and colleagues from Michigan State University, the book’s insights can serve as a to guide immediate humanitarian assistance and inform future growth strategies, once a sustainable resolution to the current crisis is found that ensures lasting peace and good governance.

This book aims to bring forth and address the major issues confronting the irrigation sector of India and also to suggest policy pointers to sustain it. As the policy and reform canvas is large for a huge and diverse country, this book has particular focus on the most important and immediate issues and future options. The chapters not only focus on new research, in-depth analysis and technical details, but also provide a balanced review of the state of irrigation sector and comprehensive presentation of major issues, challenges and future options. With the presentation of in-depth analysis and synthesis of available knowledge, the work can act as a handbook for major irrigation water issues, actual policy changes, and potential reform that could turnaround the sector. Given the temporal and spatial data analysis of the irrigation sector, this book will be effective and useful as a research and teaching tool to students and researchers both in India and globally. Besides its professional audience within the academic, research and policy community, the non-technical format of the book will appeal to a general audience in the media, policy, and donor circles

This volume provides a theoretical basis for the argument that available research that analyzes the impacts of climate on hydrology, water resources, and water systems, without factoring in the effect of climate variability, are inadequate and often misleading. Also, the book empirically shows that the impacts of climate variability on hydrology and water resources, and irrigation, water supply & sanitation systems are far more pronounced than the likely impacts of future change in climate. The book discusses technological, institutional and policy alternatives for reducing these impacts on various competitive use sectors, especially, irrigation, and water supply and sanitation through case studies of river basins in different hydrological setting. To set the context, the volume first presents the long term trends in precipitation and temperature in different regions of India, and compares them against inter-annual, inter-seasonal and intra-day variations in climatic parameters, to show how their differential impacts on water resources.

Volume 1 (A and B) covers international organizations throughout the world, comprising their aims, activities and events.

This volume is written primarily for agricultural economists doing research on productivity. It includes discussions of the theoretical underpinnings of productivity measurement as well as the many practical considerations that go into translating this theory into actual measures of aggregated outputs and inputs. The unifying concept of agricultural productivity used across the chapters of this volume is aggregate total factor productivity (TFP) of the sector. The volume also contains detailed analysis of the underlying causes of agricultural productivity growth. Part I (chapters 2-6) examines agricultural productivity in high-income and transition countries. Part II (chapters 7-11) examines agricultural productivity growth and its driving forces in five important agricultural producers in Asia and Latin America. Part III (chapters 12-14) focuses on measuring and identifying constraints to agricultural productivity growth in sub-Saharan Africa. Part IV (chapters 15-16) gives a global perspective on agricultural productivity.