In order to meet the accounting and financial reporting needs of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), the Intergovernmental Working Group of Experts on International Standards of Accounting and Reporting (ISAR) has proposed the adoption of a three-tier approach applicable to all types of SMEs, particularly those in developing countries and countries with economies in transition. This publication sets out guidance for level 3 enterprises, applicable to smaller companies which are often owner-managed and have a small number of employees. The approach proposed is accruals-based accounting, based on that set out in international accounting standards, but closely linked to cash transactions.

The SMEGA Level 3 Guidance is designed for financial statements of smaller enterprises that are often owner-managed and have no or few employees. Such enterprises should generally follow a simplified accruals-based accounting system that is closely linked to cash transactions. The SMEGA Level 3 Guidance is intended to meet the needs of users and preparers of financial statements for these enterprises.

The SMEGA Level 3 Guidance is designed for financial statements of smaller enterprises that are often owner-managed and have no or few employees. Such enterprises should generally follow a simplified accruals-based accounting system that is closely linked to cash transactions. The SMEGA Level 3 Guidance is intended to meet the needs of users and preparers of financial statements for these enterprises.

In order to meet the accounting and financial reporting needs of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), the Intergovernmental Working Group of Experts on International Standards of Accounting and Reporting (ISAR) has proposed the adoption of a three-tier approach applicable to all types of SMEs, particularly those in developing countries and countries with economies in transition. This publication sets out guidance for level 2 enterprises, applicable to larger business enterprises whose shares are not publicly traded and those in which there is no significant public interest. The approach proposed is accruals-based accounting, based on that set out in international accounting standards.

This ebook is an introduction to the essentials of the finance function within a private business. Specifically, it is intended to be a modestly priced overview for those who have limited experience with financial reports and are considering or already running a privately-held small to medium-sized business. It would also serve as a useful resource for finance people working in such companies. This book is written to impart a solid general understanding of financial reporting and analysis to help the reader realize their business goals. The text assumes a general knowledge of finance, as well as an understanding of high school level math and statistics.

Foreword A famous Portuguese Poet once said around one hundred years ago; “before I was born all the words that should save the Humanity had already been written.., the only thing that was missing was to save Humanity.” Fast forward to the 21st century services led and knowledge based economy, and we have myriads of theoretical study about the decisive assets – namely intangibles. Those analysis are made in several perspectives, namely Human Resources, Knowledge Management, Intellectual Capital, and also many sectorial perspectiveslike Trade, Economics, Logistics, Social Policy etc. However, today the question about the applicability of all these studies remains unsolved. So, it like, many of the words that will save the Knowledge Economy have already been written, all we need is to save the Knowledge Economy…Or is it not? The idea behind TAKE Conference was to provide a multidisciplinary forum in which those multiple perspectives will come together. We believe it is a fruitful operation and we intend to continue the exercise in the future. The problem of the relation between theory and practice in the knowledge economy is getting more important and not lessimportant with the development of the BRICS and other nations. TAKE main question will be one of the problems of the 21st century. Following the promising start of TAKE 2016 in Aveiro, Portugal, TAKE 2017 was organized by the Faculty of Economics of Zagreb University, around Prof. Blazenka Knezevic. I would like to thank her and her team for the massive effort in putting TAKE 2017 together. It will be a very nice and memorable conference. I would like also to thank the 5 keynotes, the special sessions and workshop organizes, the authors of the 60 papers and 5 posters, the stream leaders, the reviewers and the sponsors for the efforts. And to the 90 participants from 20 countries: Austria, Bosnia‐Herzegovina, Canada, Croatia, Germany, Hong Kong, Hungary, Netherlands, Mexico, Portugal, Poland, Romania, Russia, South Africa, Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Thailand, United Kingdom, United States. A special word to Prof. Gaby Neumann from Wildau who organized the Proceedings. Let us make TAKE 2017 a great occasion and help save the knowledge economy a bit. Eduardo Tomé, Conference Chair Zagreb, July 2017

Richard Wittsiepe analyses the relevant IFRS statements with a view to possibly integrating them into existing workflows in an annual audit. He weighs the key issues of conversion by comparing them with the 4th EU Directive for accounting within the EU. The aim is to visualise the workflows as the basis for creating support software which can make a key contribution to cost-effective conversion.