This complete revision and updating of Professor Robins' classic text offers a comprehensive account of the history of linguistic thought from its European origins some 2500 years ago to the present day. It examines the independent development of linguistic science in China and Medieval Islam, and especially in India, which was to have a profound effect on European and American linguistics from the end of the eighteenth century. The fourth edition of A Short History of Linguistics gives a greater prominence to the work of Wilhelm von Humboldt, because of the lasting importance of his work on language in relation to general eighteenth century thinking and of its perceived relevance in the latter half of the twentieth century to several aspects of generative grammatical theory. The final section, covering the twentieth century, has been rewritten and divided into two new chapters, so as to deal effectively with the increasingly divergent development of descriptive and theoretical linguistics that took place in the latter half of this century. Readable and authoritative, Professor Robins' introduction provides a clear and up-to-date overview of all the major issues in the light of contemporary scholarly debate, and will be essential reading for undergraduate and graduate students of linguistics alike.

"A Short History of Scotland" is a book written by Andrew Lang, a Scottish author and historian. The book provides an overview of the history of Scotland, covering significant events, figures, and cultural developments from ancient times to the early 20th century. In "A Short History of Scotland," Lang takes readers on a journey through Scotland's past, offering insights into its rich and complex history. He explores the formation of Scotland as a nation, the influence of Celtic tribes, the Roman occupation, and the emergence of early Scottish kingdoms. The book delves into pivotal moments in Scottish history, including the Wars of Independence against England, the reign of notable Scottish monarchs such as Robert the Bruce and Mary, Queen of Scots, and the religious conflicts of the Reformation era. Lang also highlights Scotland's cultural contributions, such as its literature, music, and intellectual heritage. He discusses the impact of Scottish Enlightenment thinkers, the emergence of the Presbyterian Church, and the country's cultural ties with Europe and the wider world. O "A Short History of Scotland" by Andrew Lang serves as a valuable resource for anyone interested in gaining a general understanding of Scotland's history. It offers a concise and informative overview of the country's political, cultural, and social development, providing readers with a foundation to explore further into Scotland's fascinating past.

What does it mean to call Western society 'secular'? What is 'secularism'? And how should we understand the concept of 'secularism' in international relations, particularly the clash between radical Islam and the West? The Latin term from which the word 'secular' is derived - 'saeculum' - means 'generation' or 'age', and came to mean that which belongs to this life, to the here and now, in this world. It is widely used as a shorthand for the ideology which shapes contemporary society without reference to the divine.However, according to Graeme Smith, 'secularism' represents a great deal more. He offers a radical reappraisal of the notion of secularism and its history, beginning with the Greeks and proceeding to modernity and the contemporary period. The assumption that the West is becoming increasingly secular is often unquestioned. By contrast, Dr Smith discerns a different kind of society: one informed by a historical legacy which makes sense only when it is appreciated that it is religious. Secularism was born of Christianity. Daringly - and very originally - Smith argues that it is impossible to understand the idea of the secular without appreciating that, at root, it is Christian. "A Short History of Secularism" will fundamentally reshape discussions of western culture, religion and politics. It will have strong appeal to students of religion, political philosophy, and the history of ideas.

The Mongol Empire was the mightiest land empire the world has ever seen. At its height it was twice the size of its Roman equivalent. For a remarkable century and a half it commanded a population of 100 million people, while the rule of Chinggis (Genghis) Khan marched undefeated from the Pacific Ocean to the Caspian Sea. George Lane argues that the Mongols were not only subjugators who swept all before them but one of the great organising forces of world history. His book traces the rise of the Great Khan in 1206 to the dissolution of the empire in 1368 by the Ming Dynasty. He discusses the unification of the Turko-Mongol tribes under Chinggis' leadership; the establishment of a vigorous imperium whose Pax Mongolica held mastery over the Central Asian steppes; imaginative policies of religious pluralism; and the rich legacy of the Toluid Empire of Yuan China and Ilkhanate Iran. Offering a bold and sympathetic understanding of Mongol history, the author shows that commercial expansion, cultural assimilation and dynamic political growth were as crucial to Mongol success as desire for conquest.

I INTRODUCTION II THE PROVINCE OF BRITAIN III THE AGE OF LEGENDS IV THE DEFEAT OF THE BARBARIANS V ST. EDWARD AND THE NORMAN KINGS VI THE AGE OF THE CRUSADES VII THE PROBLEM OF THE PLANTAGENETS VIII THE MEANING OF MERRY ENGLAND IX NATIONALITY AND THE FRENCH WARS X THE WAR OF THE USURPERS XI THE REBELLION OF THE RICH XII SPAIN AND THE SCHISM OF NATIONS XIII THE AGE OF THE PURITANS XIV THE TRIUMPH OF THE WHIGS XV THE WAR WITH THE GREAT REPUBLICS XVI ARISTOCRACY AND THE DISCONTENTS XVII THE RETURN OF THE BARBARIAN XVIII CONCLUSION

The purpose of this volume, first published in 1925, is to provide the historical account of the regime whereby the State, in different countries, has sought to control economic life in the interests of political and national strength and independence. This study explores the history of the Mercantile System, or Mercantilism, in different nations. It also examines the methods adopted by the State for the promotion and regulation of agriculture, industry and commerce. This title will be of interest to students of economics.