Biomedical Instrumentation is an exciting field to discover and explore. Diabetes mellitus is one of the critical research areas which has been addressed for decades. The development of the constant glucose measuring devices and insulin pumps give an expectation for better well-being. The pancreas in the body plays a dynamic part in regulating the glucose level in blood. The function of the pancreas to produce insulin enzymes. The deficiency of the pancreas causes to rise in blood glucose level. Many research scientists are working on diagnosing and treating this diabetes mellitus disease. The mathematical model adopted in this work represents the dynamics of glucose and insulin. The name of model is extended Bergman Minimal Model. With this model, a closed loop feedback control system of blood glucose-insulin is developed to normalize the glucose level in blood. The developed system is implemented and analyzed with a software tool called MATLAB. The PID control and Fuzzy control methods are designed for exogenous insulin infusion pumps. These control methods are applied to the developed system to maintain the blood glucose level in desired range. Simulations shows that both designed control methods can keep the blood glucose level in desired range. However, the PID control method able to achieve the setpoint while the fuzzy control is never able to reach the setpoint value. With the PID control method, the output is oscillatory in nature to give blood glucose value before coming to the setpoint value. The fuzzy controller gives small overshoot in output but within the normal range.

As the number of patients with diabetes increases annually, it is not surprising that the number of patients with diabetes who are admitted to the hospital also increases. Once in the hospital, patients with diabetes or hyperglycemia may be admitted to the Intensive Care Unit, require urgent or elective surgery, enteral or parenteral nutrition, intravenous insulin infusion, or therapies that significantly impact glycemic control (e.g., steroids). Because many clinical outcomes are influenced by the degree of glycemic control, knowledge of the best practices in inpatient diabetes management is extremely important. The field of inpatient management of diabetes and hyperglycemia has grown substantially in the last several years. This body of knowledge is summarized in this book, so it can reach the audience of hospitalists, endocrinologists, nurses and other team members who take care of hospitalized patients with diabetes and hyperglycemia.

Intended for diabetes researchers and medical professionals who work closely with patients with diabetes, this newly updated and expanded edition provides new perspectives and direct insight into the causes and consequences of this serious medical condition from one of the foremost experts in the field. Using the latest scientific and medical developments and trends, readers will learn how to identify, prevent, and treat this challenging phenomenon within the parameters of the diabetes care regimen.

Nonlinear Control for Blood Glucose Regulation of Diabetic Patients: An LMI-Based Approach exposes readers to the various existing mathematical models that define the dynamics of glucose-insulin for Type 1 diabetes patients. After providing insights into the mathematical model of patients, the authors discuss the need and emergence of new control techniques that can lead to further development of an artificial pancreas. The book presents various nonlinear control techniques to address the challenges that Type 1 diabetic patients face in maintaining their blood glucose level in the safe range (70-180 mg/dl). The closed-loop solution provided by the artificial pancreas depends mainly on the effectiveness of the control algorithm, which acts as the brain of the system. APS control algorithms require a mathematical model of the gluco-regulatory system of the T1D patients for their design. Since the gluco-regulatory system is inherently nonlinear and largely affected by external disturbances and parametric uncertainty, developing an accurate model is very difficult. Presents control-oriented modeling of the gluco-regulatory system of Type 1 diabetic patients using input-output data Demonstrates the design of a robust insulin delivery mechanism utilizing state estimation information with parametric uncertainties and exogenous disturbance in the framework of Linear Matrix Inequality (LMI) Introduces readers to the relevance and effectiveness of powerful nonlinear controllers for the Artificial Pancreas Provides the first book on LMI-based nonlinear control techniques for the Artificial Pancreas

Physical movement has a positive effect on physical fitness, morbidity, and mortality in individuals with diabetes. Although exercise has long been considered a cornerstone of diabetes management, many health care providers fail to prescribe it. In addition, many fitness professionals may be unaware of the complexities of including physical activity in the management of diabetes. Giving patients or clients a full exercise prescription that take other chronic conditions commonly accompanying diabetes into account may be too time-consuming for or beyond the expertise of many health care and fitness professionals. The purpose of this book is to cover the recommended types and quantities of physical activities that can and should be undertaken by all individuals with any type of diabetes, along with precautions related to medication use and diabetes-related health complications. Medications used to control diabetes should augment lifestyle improvements like increased daily physical activity rather than replace them. Up until now, professional books with exercise information and prescriptions were not timely or interactive enough to easily provide busy professionals with access to the latest recommendations for each unique patient. However, simply instructing patients to “exercise more” is frequently not motivating or informative enough to get them regularly or safely active. This book is changing all that with its up-to-date and easy-to-prescribe exercise and physical activity recommendations and relevant case studies. Read and learn to quickly prescribe effective and appropriate exercise to everyone.

This contributed volume presents computational models of diabetes that quantify the dynamic interrelationships among key physiological variables implicated in the underlying physiology under a variety of metabolic and behavioral conditions. These variables comprise for example blood glucose concentration and various hormones such as insulin, glucagon, epinephrine, norepinephrine as well as cortisol. The presented models provide a powerful diagnostic tool but may also enable treatment via long-term glucose regulation in diabetics through closed-look model-reference control using frequent insulin infusions, which are administered by implanted programmable micro-pumps. This research volume aims at presenting state-of-the-art research on this subject and demonstrating the potential applications of modeling to the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes. The target audience primarily comprises research and experts in the field but the book may also be beneficial for graduate students.

There has been much advancement in the field of medicine over the course of human history, but especially in the last century. Many medicinal theories have come and gone with more accurate and up-to-date research. Today testing and validation of research is often done with computers and mathematical modeling. One of the common fields in medicine which uses similar computer simulation is insulin replacement therapy for diabetic patients. A diabetic patient lacks the capability of naturally producing insulin the human body needs to regulate blood sugar. The pancreas is responsible for producing insulin to counteract the constant fluctuations in blood sugar. Many factors such as eating, exercising and even sleeping will cause blood sugar levels to rise and fall. Without regular doses of insulin to regulate blood sugar, diabetic patients can experience health complications. Many methods of insulin replacement for diabetic patients have been used throughout the history of treating diabetes. The most innovative and current methods of insulin replacement today stems from the invention of the artificial pancreas. This thesis focuses on the design of a controller for the artificial pancreas with the goal of maximizing its effectiveness. A mathematical metabolic model of the human body, which is validated by the FDA to be used in nonhuman virtual trials, is used. With this model, the user is able to define a wide variety of parameters and most importantly design a controller to make the closed loop system work as effectively as possible. There are many methods that have been used to design a controller, For this thesis, the focus will be evaluating the use of Fuzzy Logic at the heart of the controller for the artificial pancreas. It is shown that with the combination of the mathematical model and the Fuzzy Logic controller, improved performance was achieved. Various implementations of Fuzzy Logic control are detailed and compared to other methods developed by other researchers. The results show Fuzzy Logic has the potential to be a very effective method to use for the control of an artificial pancreas.