In the early 1900s, the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) committed the Armenian Genocide as part of their pursuit of Pan-Turkist and Pan-Islamist aspirations known as "ittihadism." The CUP also sought to Turkify non-Muslim property, reminiscent of the Aryanization program in Nazi Germany that targeted Jewish assets. The ittihadist dream was shattered when the Ottoman Empire collapsed following their defeat in the Great War. Established in 1923 as an ittihadist project, the Republic of Turkey adopted "ittihadism" as its fundamental ideology as well. The desire to reach Central Asia and unite with other Turkic nations was initially reignited during World War II. Nonetheless, the dream was once again crushed when Nazi Germany was defeated on the Eastern Front. The collapse of the Soviet Union brought back the aspiration once more. This book provides an in-depth examination of the major events in the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Turkey over a century, placing particular emphasis on the Armenian Genocide, the ongoing Cyprus dilemma, and the Kurdish minority issue. By unraveling the reasoning behind these events, the book provides insight into the worldview of the current Turkish government, led by President Erdoğan and his AK Party, and the transformation of "ittihadism" into "neo-ittihadism" under their leadership.

For this study, a group of Russian authors were commissioned to describe and assess the arms trade policies and practices of Russia under new domestic and international conditions. The contributors, drawn from the government, industry, and academic communities, offer a wide range of reports on the political, military, economic, and industrial implications of Russian arms transfers, as well as specific case studies of key bilateral arms transfer relationships.

"Controversial, entertaining and alarmingly topical ... a delight to read."Philip Ziegler, Daily Telegraph

Published in association with the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.

Are you ready to up your game and go from chess chump to chess master? Chess is one of the oldest and often times most difficult games to master. Depending on the moves you make it's like a puzzle with a thousand different possibilities, but this book will teach you advanced techniques by having you solve puzzles so you will be able to anticipate absolutely anything that your opponent throws at you. This book is broken down in three parts with puzzles that range from easy to hard and will help you to build chess skills that will last you a life time, will teach you, step by step how to improve your game so that you can beat anyone you play against. Building off of volume 1 this book shows you advanced techniques by using puzzles so that you will better understand the board and the game inside and out. What kind of puzzles are in this book: -Over 300 advanced chess techniques-Solutions to these techniques if an opponent tries them against you-You'll learn how to get to take someones king in two or less moves-And so much more! Chess is one of the most rewarding board games there is. Played all over the world competitively and leisurely you'll learn by being able to solve these puzzles in your own time how how to never lose again. By learning and understanding how the techniques in this book work and why they work, you'll be safe guarding yourself against ever being surprised at your opponents moves again. It's time for you to up your game so that you can take on more challenging opponents and get better with your own technique. Chess is about expanding your mind to new horizons and understanding opportunity when it's in front of you. This book will teach you how to use advanced techniques so that you can learn to spot those opportunities. If you are ready to learn advanced chess techniques used by champions all over the world then you need to get this book today!

Freedom in the World contains both comparative ratings and written narratives and is now the standard reference work for measuring the progress and decline in political rights and civil liberties on a global basis.