The international carriage of goods by sea has been regulated by international conventions. These include the “International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law relating to Bills of Lading” (“Hague Rules”); the “Protocol to Amend the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law Relating to Bills of Lading” (“Visby Rules”); and the “UN Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea." They were adopted in 1924, 1968 and 1978 respectively and the transport industry's commercial needs have since substantially changed. Furthermore the advent of subsequent regimes has resulted in the uniformity in the carriage of goods by sea once provided by the Hague Rules being lost. In order to update and modernize existing regimes the “UN Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea” (“Rotterdam Rules”) was adopted on December 11, 2008 by the UN General Assembly and opened for signature on September 23, 2009. Since then drafters of the Rotterdam Rules, academics and practitioners have been publicizing, discussing, and evaluating the Rules. This book is an effort to further explore those same goals.

The new United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea, the Rotterdam Rules, describes the rights and obligations of all parties with an interest in the carriage of goods by sea. The Rotterdam Rules bring more clarity regarding who is responsible and liable for what, when, where and to what extent. The application of the new convention will make international trade easier and lead to a reduction in costs.

The Rotterdam Rules provides comprehensive commentary on the new UNCITRAL Convention on Carriage of Goods. It: Provides high-level commentary on the new UNCITRAL Convention on the Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea Takes you through all the provisions of the Convention Includes worked examples and hypothetical cases Places the Convention in its historical and commercial context Explains the intended meaning of all the principal provisions Provides an international approach in its commentary and analysis Written by three shipping law experts who were involved in drafting the Convention

The new United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea, the Rotterdam Rules, describes the rights and obligations of all parties with an interest in the carriage of goods by sea. The Rotterdam Rules bring more clarity regarding who is responsible and liable for what, when, where and to what extent. The application of the new convention will make international trade easier and lead to a reduction in costs.

The regime governing the carriage of goods by sea has been for a long time the subject of criticism, such as for being out of date, fragmented, uncoordinated with other related transport regimes, leading to unpredictable results, or posing obstacles to the development of modern contract practices. The Hamburg Rules, prepared in 1978 with a view to improving the situation, have in the meantime entered into force but fell short of expectations in that they have not become a basis for a universally accepted regime; the Rules have also increasingly been seen as not addressing issues crucial for modern sea carriage. It has also been realized that the existing regime, whether based on the Hague, Hague-Visby, or Hamburg Rules, does not properly accommodate modern trade practices, such as those treating the carriage of goods by sea as part of wider door-to-door commercial transport operations and those relying on electronic commerce. Nevertheless, such criticism and considerations were for a long time unable to coalesce into a realistic plan for improving the situation.