First Published in 1987. This work demonstrates how experimental designs are produced through the active use of social theory. It also shows how theoretically designed experiments address broader issues in social theory, issues that can be traced back to the classical theories of Marx and Weber. Because it discusses the structure of a working theory as well as the applications, this volume encourages readers to think of social structures dynamically.

In this thesis, the author investigates experimentally and numericallythe fracture behavior of an electron beam welded joint made fromtwo butt S355 plates. The 2D Rousselier model, the Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman (GTN) model and the cohesive zone model (CZM) wereadopted to predict the crack propagation of thick compact tension (CT)specimens. Advantages and disadvantages of the three mentioned modelsare discussed. The cohesive zone model is suggested as it is easy to usefor scientists & engineers because the CZM has less model parametersand can be used to simulate arbitrary crack propagation. The resultsshown in this thesis help to evaluate the fracture behavior of a metallicmaterial. A 3D optical deformation measurement system (ARAMIS) andthe synchrotron radiation-computed laminography (SRCL) techniquereveal for the first time the damage evolution on the surface of the sampleand inside a thin sheet specimen obtained from steel S355. Damageevolution by void initiation, growth and coalescence are visualized in2D and 3D laminographic images. Two fracture types, i.e., a flat crackpropagation originated from void initiation, growth and coalescenceand a shear coalescence mechanism are visualized in 2D and 3D imagesof laminographic data, showing the complexity of real fracture. Inthe dissertation, the 3D Rousselier model is applied for the first timesuccessfully to predict different microcrack shapes before shear cracksarise by defining the finite elements in front of the initial notch withinhomogeneous f0-values. The influence of the distribution of inclusionson the fracture shape is also discussed. For the analyzed material, ahomogeneous distribution of particles in the material provides thehighest resistance to fracture.

The leading edges of winged hypersonic aircraft are known to be subjected to intense aerodynamic heating (ref. 1) in flight. Detailed research investigations into specific types of leading edges suitable for hypersonic use have been limited. The heat-sink concept, although excessive in weight and limited to short durations of heating (ref. 2), has been the most widely used type of leading edge for hypersonic application. Limited experimental and analytical work on shell types of leading edges (refs. 3 and 4) has been conducted; however, the thermal-buckling behavior of leading edges has been defined only in analytical studies, such as references 5 and 6. These theories include simplifying assumptions, which impose limitations on their applicability to design problems. A series of experimental investigations into the thermal-buckling behavior of flanged, thin-shell leading edges has been conducted at the NASA Flight Research Center, Edwards, Calif.

This book assesses the application of the calcium looping technology for CO2 capture from cement plants. The cement industry contributes significantly to the anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Due to process inherent CO2 emissions, the application of CCS technologies is inevitable to fully decarbonise the cement sector and mitigate climate change. A comprehensive study regarding the suitability of various potential sorbents (i.e. limestone, raw meal and raw meal components) acting as CO2 carrier has been conducted using thermogravimetric analysis. Various integration options of the calcium looping technology into the cement clinker manufacturing process have been developed addressing different boundary conditions of the cement plants. The more mature options using fluidised bed reactors have been extensively studied at semi industrial scale. Furthermore, a novel concept using entrained flow reactors has been assessed by investigating the sorbent properties of various raw meals in such a system.