What was initially described by Krahe as an Old European community based on studies of European hydronymy, and what has been described through comparative grammar as a North-West Indo-European dialect continuum - sharing common lexical and grammatical traits -, is now more clearly defined as an ancient Indo-European proto-language that expanded at least twice, from two small European regions during the third millennium: from the North Pontic steppe to the Carpathian basin in the first half, and from the Middle Danube to the rest of Europe in the second half. This book deals with that matter from a linguistic point of view and, as a consequence, with the reconstruction of different Proto-Indo-European stages and dialects, as well as neighbouring languages, including especially Uralic and its dialects.

A Grammar of Modern Indo-European is a complete reference guide to a living Indo-European language. It contains a comprehensive description of Proto-Indo-European grammar, and offers an analysis of the complexities of the prehistoric language and its reconstruction from its descendant languages. Written in a fresh and accessible style, and illustrated with maps, figures and tables, this book focusses on the real patterns of use of Late Indo-European. The book is well organised and is filled with full, clear explanations of areas of confusion and difficulty. It also contains an extensive English - Indo-European, Indo-European - English vocabulary, as well as detailed etymological notes, designed to provide readers with an easy access to the information they require.An essential reference source for the student of Indo-European as a learned and living language, this work will appeal to students of languages, classics, and the ancient world, as well as to general readers interested in the history of language, and in speaking the direct ancestor of the world's largest language family.

A Game of Clans: collectores venatoresque, agricolae pastoresque and A Clash of Chiefs: rex militaris, rex sacrorum are the first and second volumes of the series of books A Song of Sheep and Horses. These two volumes address the Proto-Indo-European Urheimat or homeland problem from a wide anthropological perspective, using archaeology and cultural and biological anthropology. More specifically, this first book integrates the most recent genetic research with the prevalent anthropological theories on migration routes from the Palaeolithic to the advent of the Bronze Age. Beyond a precise physical location of North-West Indo-Europeans, Late Proto-Indo-Europeans, and Uralians, archaeology and population genomics can offer important hints about the actual material culture, society, economy, religious beliefs, and political organization of each of these ancestral groups.

This volume provides the first full-scale commentary on the eighth book of Virgil’s Aeneid, the book in which the poet presents the unforgettable tour of the site of the future Rome that the Arcadian Evander provides for his Trojan guest Aeneas, as well as the glorious apparition and bestowal of the mystical, magical shield of Vulcan on which the great events of the future Roman history are presented – culminating in the Battle of Actium and the victory of Octavian over the forces of Antony and Cleopatra. A critical text based on a fresh examination of the manuscript tradition is accompanied by a prose translation.

A Grammar of Modern Indo-European is a complete reference guide to a living Indo-European language. It contains a comprehensive description of Proto-Indo-European grammar, and offers an analysis of the complexities of the prehistoric language and its reconstruction from its descendant languages. Written in a fresh and accessible style, and illustrated with maps, figures and tables, this book focusses on the real patterns of use of Late Indo-European. The book is well organised and is filled with full, clear explanations of areas of confusion and difficulty. It also contains an extensive English - Indo-European, Indo-European - English vocabulary, as well as detailed etymological notes, designed to provide readers with an easy access to the information they require. An essential reference source for the student of Indo-European as a learned and living language, this work will appeal to students of languages, classics, and the ancient world, as well as to general readers interested in the history of language, and in speaking the direct ancestor of the world's largest language family. In this special Prometheus edition, the language of the Engineers is fully analysed with texts from the original script, and its features are explained as another Proto-Indo-European dialect, relating it to its most likely source: the Late Indo-European branch. An essential book for fans of the fiction universe shared by Prometheus, Alien, Predator and Terminator franchises.

Recent developments in aDNA has reshaped our understanding of later European prehistory, and at the same time also opened up for more fruitful collaborations between archaeologists and historical linguists. Two revolutionary genetic studies, published independently in Nature, 2015, showed that prehistoric Europe underwent two successive waves of migration, one from Anatolia consistent with the introduction of agriculture, and a later influx from the Pontic-Caspian steppes which without any reasonable doubt pinpoints the archaeological Yamnaya complex as the cradle of (Core-)Indo-European languages. Now, for the first time, when the preliminaries are clear, it is possible for the fields of genetics, archaeology and historical linguistics to cooperate in a constructive fashion to refine our knowledge of the Indo-European homeland, migrations, society and language. For the historical-comparative linguists, this opens up a wealth of exciting perspectives and new working fields in the intersections between linguistics and neighbouring disciplines, for the archaeologists and geneticists, on the other hand, the linguistic contributions help to endow the material findings with a voice from the past. The present selection of papers illustrate the importance of an open interdisciplinary discussion which will gradually help us in our quest of Tracing the Indo-Europeans.

Memoirs of My Life and Writings is an account of the historian Edward Gibbon's life, compiled after his death by his friend Lord Sheffield from six fragmentary autobiographical works Gibbon wrote during his last years.