The "Livingston Code" A comprehensive system of criminal law which, while not adopted in the United States, is still influential today because it is the first complete penal code built on Jeremy Bentham's principles of codification. From a penal standpoint the code is important as well not only in terms of its completeness and order, but from its perspective of the advancement of crime prevention over punishment. "[The Code]...will certainly arrange your name with the sages of antiquity."--Thomas Jefferson "You have done more in giving precision, specification, accuracy and moderation to the system of crimes and punishments 'than any other legislator of the age, and your name will go down to posterity with distinguished honor."--James Kent "You will be numbered among the men of this age who have deserved most and best of mankind." --Victor Hugo "[Edward Livingston is] . . . the first legal genius of modern times."--Henry Sumner Maine Edward Livingston [1764-1836] graduated from Princeton College at the age of 17. He was a senator from New York and later Louisiana. He served as U.S. Secretary of State from 1831-1833.

The Penal Code of California is a significant legal document that outlines the criminal laws for the state of California. This edition, annotated by Robert Desty, provides valuable insights and commentary on the various provisions of the code. It is an essential resource for legal professionals, law students, and anyone interested in California's penal laws. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.